Results from  Y-DNA Chart:

Based on our matching project members with the most SNP testing so far completed, the SNP pathway for the rest of us within the E Haplogroup is M35>V13>Z5017>Z5016>CTS9320>Z16988>Z21350>BY64057

Further testing of others group members SNP's will confirm this.

Explanation of Rule Surname Y-DNA Chart:

If you review the Y-DNA chart you will see it is currently split into multiple groups.   The first group (01) all being men with the Rule surname who have descended directly from the Rule Family of Cornwall as shown in available written records.   Their Y-DNA has passed from father to son and father to son as far back as records can show and this chart based on their specific Y-DNA testing likely confirms these men all descended from the same male individual.   This is established in two different ways.   First, they all are part of the “E” haplogroup in the broadest measure.   A son will never have a different Y-DNA haplogroup than the father.  The “E” haplogroup then pares down into various sub-groups which are essential splits in the road where a particular gene has mutated and these mutations are passed along from father to son in the Y-DNA over long periods of time.   In some cases we are talking thousands of years and over many generations between mutations.    As an example of how this works, picture a one-way road where you come to split in the road every mile and the road goes off in completely different direction.   Once you take a turn, you can never go back and ultimately you end up at completely different destination.   DNA science has established where these splits in the road have occurred and created tests to show which path the particular Y-DNA haplogroup has taken from mutation to mutation to its ultimate destination.  Ultimately, all men who are decedents of the same male individual will show the same end haplogroup until a new mutation occurs.

You may notice on our chart of those with the Rule surname that their respective haplogroup is different with some reading E-M35 or some other designation such as E-L117, E-Z16988 or Z21350.  First thing to note is that any haplogroup printed in red are predicted while green is confirmed thru specific SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) testing which is different and distinct from the Y-37 and Y67 and Y-111 testing Family Tree DNA performs.  In the case of our chart, two individuals have had Big-Y testing that shows they both tested positive for the E-BY64057 haplogroup.  This is also known as the terminal SNP and as it is shown in green as it has been confirmed through SNP testing.   If the others had the same level of SNP testing, it would likely show the same terminal SNP.   If you start at the broadest “E” haplogroup and follow all the splits down the road until you reach E-Z21350, you will pass E-M35, E-L177, E-Z16988 on your way.   They are all splits in the road that lead to E-BY64057.  Further testing of these individuals will most likely confirm this.

The second measure that shows these men are related is the relative similarity of their respective STR (Short-tandem repeats) data as shown in the chart columns moving to the right.   STR data can be the same for people who aren’t related but when you combine surname, haplogroup and STR data and find close similarities, you most likely have people that are related.  The more matches in STR data, the closer any two individuals are likely related. Currently on the chart when comparing 67 STR results, all these individuals have a less than 10% variation in these values amongst them.  In some cases STR values only vary in 2 out of 67 measures between different individuals.     If you compared brothers, you may find their STR data to be exactly the same or off only in one or two values.

The last group of men listed on the chart (05) do not have the Rule surname but have still descended from the same Rule Family of Cornwall as shown in written records.   However, in their case, there is not father to son and father to son transmission of Y-DNA.   As result these men have a completely different haplotype unlike the other group of men.   They are still part of the Rule Family, they just don’t carry the same haplogroup and thus cannot be compared in the same way as the first group.  It’s possible as more men join this project who do not have the Rule surname, we may find sub-families of the Rules where the haplogroup and STR data match up.