Introduction

yDNA Haplogroups are based on SNPs, Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms, that occur in the non recombining region of the y-Chromosome. Haplogroup Q is one of two clades within the mega-Haplogroup P. It is defined by the SNP M242. This mutation is believed to have occurred 15,000 - 20,000 years ago. Q is found in Asia, the Americas, Europe, and the Middle East.

On May 5, 2008 Karafet 2008 was published in Genome Research. This rolled out the new Y-Chromosome Consortium Tree, YCC, which FamilyTreeDNA has adopted. The new tree has brought many changes to Q. The three prior defining SNPs, M242, P36, and MEH2 have been found to be non redundant.

YCC 2008 Q Tree

• P
  • P*
  • Q {M242}
    • Q*
    • Q1 {P36.2}
      • Q1*
      • Q1a {MEH2}
        • Q1a1 {M120, N14}
        • Q1a2 {M25, M143}
        • Q1a3 {M346}
          • Q1a3a*
          • Q1a3a1 {M19}
          • Q1a3a2 {M194}
          • Q1a3a3 {M199, P106, P292}
        • Q1a4 {P48}
        • Q1a5 {P89}
        • Q1a6 {M323}
      • Q1b {M378}
  • R

Terminology

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic acid is the storage unit for all living things. It is made up of four bases: adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T), and is held together by a combination of esthers, phosphates, and sugars. Although DNA contains genes much of it is structural. DNA Genealogy utilizes these structural and non-coding regions.

Mutation

A mutation is any change in one of the base pairs of DNA.

Max

This is the upper bound or highest value in a range of results.

Mean

This is the average that most of us use in daily life. It is found by finding the sum of a group of and dividing it by the number in the group.

Median

This form of average gives us the middle score from a group of values.

Min

This is the lower bound or lowest value in a range of results.

Mode

This is the third type of average. It tells us, given a sample, what value occurs most often.

Mutation Rate

Mutation rates for STRs and SNP are predictions of how likely a mutation is to happen over a length of time. They should not be considered set or predictable like the ticking of a clock. Individual mutations are unpredictable like the number of times a year one forgets the car keys. They can be plotted over time though to create a backwards dating system with a reliability range. For the first 37 markers the I1 Project uses the mutation rates from Chandler 2006.

Locus	Rate	Locus	Rate
DYS393	0.00076	DYS447	0.00264
DYS390	0.00311	DYS437	0.00099
DYS19	0.00151	DYS448	0.00135
DYS391	0.00265	DYS449	0.00838
DYS385*	0.00226	DYS464*	0.00566
DYS426	0.00009	DYS460	0.00402
DYS388	0.00022	Y-GATA-H4	0.00208
DYS439	0.00477	YCAII*	0.00123
DYS389i	0.00186	DYS456	0.00735
DYS392	0.00052	DYS607	0.00411
DYS389ii	0.00242	DYS576	0.01022
DYS458	0.00814	DYS570	0.00790
DYS459*	0.00132	CDY*	0.03531
DYS455	0.00016	DYS442	0.00324
DYS454	0.00016	DYS438	0.00055

Please reference that work for confidence intervals and other details.

SNP

A Single Nucleotide Polymorphism is a change to a single position in DNA. That is a point in DNA that had read TTAGATA might now read TTAGACA.

Standard Deviation

Calculated as the square root of the variance, the standard deviation of a population tells us how much the values vary about the mean.

STR

A Short Tandem Repeat is a pattern of DNA that is repeated. GATA is a common repeat and a three repeat long segment might be CAGATAGATAGATATT.

y-Chromosome

This is one of a male's 23rd chromosome pairs. While females have two x-Chromosomes that they inherit from both parents men have one y-Chromosome that they inherit from their father and one x-Chromosome that they inherit from their mother.

STRs

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SNPs

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Historic Trees

• P
  • P*
  • Q {MEH2, M242, P36}
    • Q*
    • Q1 {M120, N14}
      • Q1*
      • Q1a {M378}
    • Q2 {M25, M143}
    • Q3 {M3}
      • Q3*
      • Q3a {M19}
      • Q3b {M194}
      • Q3c {M199}
    • Q4 {P48}
    • Q5 {M323}
    • Q6 {M346}
  • R

Published Populations

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Links and References

Articles

• Cinnioglu, (2004) Excavating Y-chromosome Haplotype Strata in Anatolia Human Genetics. 114:127-148.
• Karafet, (2008) New Binary Polymorphisms Reshape and Increase Resolution of the Human Y-Chromosomal Haplogroup Tree Genome Research.
• Sengupta, (2006) Polarity and Temporality of High Resolution Y-chromosome Distributions in India Identify Both Indigenous and Exogenous Expansions and Reveal Minor Genetic Influence of Central Asian Pastoralists American Journal of Human Genetics, 78:202-221.
• Underhill, (2000) Y Chromosome Sequence Variation and the History of Human Populations Nature Genetics, 26: 358-361.
• Underhill, (2001) The Phylogeography of Y Chromosome Binary Haplotypes and the Origins of Modern Human Populations Annals of Human Genetics, 65:43-62.
• Underhill, (2007) New Phylogenetic Relationships for Y-chromosome Haplogroup I: Reappraising its Phylogeography and Prehistory in Rethinking the Human Evolution, Mellars P, Boyle K, Bar-Yosef O, Stringer C, Eds. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, Cambridge, UK, pp. 33-42.
• Y Chromosome Consortium (YCC), (2002) A Nomenclature System for the Tree of Human Y-Chromosomal Binary Haplogroups Genome Research, 12:339-348.

Databases

• FamilyTreeDNA's open source y-Chromosome Database: ySearch
• The Sorenson Family of Companies non-profit Foundation's proprietary database: SMGF Database

E-mail Lists/Forums

• DNA Forums.org

Journals and News Letters

• American Journal of Human Genetics
• Annals of Human Genetics
• European Journal of Human Genetics
• FamilyTreeDNA Newsletter: Facts & Genes
• FamilyTreeDNA Newsletter: Facts & Genes Archives
• Genome Research
• Human Genetics
• Journal of Genetic Genealogy
• Society for Molecular Biology

Organizations

• ISOGG, International Society of Genetic Genealogy
• YCC, Y Chromosome Consortium
• National Human Genome Research Institute
• Human Genome Project

Websites about y–chromosome DNA

• ISOGG Glossary of Genetic Terms

Websites about History

• {Back Soon}

Please cite this site as: Rebekah Canada (2008) Y-DNA Haplogroup Q, FamilyTreeDNA.