X mtDNA Haplogroup
Group Administrator: Carolyn Benson haplogroup_x_@q.com
Group Co-Administrator: Tom Glad haplogroup_x@sbcglobal.net



Project Surnames:
mtDNA XXX1X1a
X1bX2X2aX2b
X2cX2dX2eX2f


Group General Fund:


Project Background:

The mtDNA Haplogroup X Project was set up in May, 2006 as a resource for those wishing to learn more about their Haplogroup.

This project is open to all assigned to Haplogroup X by their mtDNA test results.

Haplogroup X diverged from Haplogroup N more than 30,000ybp. It further split more
than 20,000ybp into 2 main subgroups, X1 and X2. Haplogroup X is found in Europe, the Near East, Central Asia, North Africa and North America, and is believed to have migrated to the Americas about 15,000 years ago, making up a very small component of the Native American population (less than 3%). Bryan Sykes in his Seven Daughters of Eve book named this mtDNA haplogroup Xenia. Haplogroup X1 appears to be restricted to North Africa, East Africa and the Near East. It is characterized by an HVR2 mutation at 146. Haplogroup X1 is further divided into X1a and X1b. Haplogroup X2 is more widely distributed throughout Mediterranean Europe, the Caucasus, the Near East and North America. Haplogroup X2 is divided into 6 subgroups. X2a is found in a few geographically diverse Native American populations, such as Navajo, Yakima and Ojibwa. It is characterized by a HVR mutations at 200 and 16213. X2b is the most geographically diverse, covering Europe and the Near East. It is characterized by an HVR2 mutation at 226. Most of our members appear to belong to this group. X2c is characterized by an HVR1 mutation at 255. X2d and X2e are characterized by mutations in the coding region that can not be differentiated from other X2s with out additional mtDNA testing beyond HVR1 and HVR2. X2f is characterized by a HVR2 mutation at 257.

This Motif table is used to estimate the subclades for Haplogroup X. Exact identification requires markers in the mtDNA coding region not covered by standard mtDNA HVR1 and HVR2 testing.

Haplogroup X Subclade Estimation Guide
HaplogroupRegional ConcentrationHVR1HVR2 Coding Region
XEurasia, North Africa, North America16189C, 16278T153G1719, 6221, 6371, 13966, 14470
X1North Africa, East AfricaXX+146C
X1aNorth AfricaX1+16104TX1
X1bNorth AfricaX1X1+256
X2EurasiaXX+195C
X2aNative American/First Peoples (Ojibwa, Nuu-Chah-Nulth, Sioux, Na-Dene-Navaho, Yakima)X2+16213AX2+200G08913, 12397, 14502
X2bEurasia, Orkney, DruzeX2X2+225A+226C08393,15927
X2cEurasiaX2+16255AX208705

X2d		EurasiaX2X206791, 08503
X2eGeorgia, Kyrgyz, AltaiX2X215310
X2fSouth CaucasusX2X2+257G

Source: Reidla2003

One theory of how the X Haplogroup ended up in North America is they migrated from central Asia along with the A,B,C, and D Haplogroups. It is interesting that no Haplogroup X traces have been found in Siberia. The nearest X Haplotypes have been found is the Altai region of central Asia. This theory is supported by yDNA studies [Zegura.]




Another theory, The Solutrean Hypothesis, is that the there was a early pre-Clovis Atlantic migration route in addition to the Asian Bering Straight land bridge as shown on the following map:

The Mormon hypothesis, which states the Haplogroup X in North American could be the result of descendants of Lehi and Sariah as mentioned in the Book of Mormon.

And finally, the Atlantis hypothesis, Where Haplogroup X is identified with the remenants of the Atlantean civilization.

sources:

Genetic Genealogy

  • Wikipedia: Models of migration to the New World
  • Charles Kerchner's Haplogroup Descriptions
  • Some General background on mutation rates and modelling of Most Recent Common ancestors of yDNA and mtDNA
  • Background on the Peopling of the Earth over the last 160,000 years
  • Reduced-Median-Network Analysis of Complete Mitochondrial DNA Coding-Region Sequences for the Major African, Asian, and European Haplogroups Herrnstadt et al, 2002

    X mtDNA

  • The Druze: A Population Genetic Refugium of the Near East Shlush et al, 2008
  • Mitochondrial Population Genomics Supports a Single Pre-Clovis Origin with a Coastal Route for the Peopling of the Americas Fegundes et al, 2008
  • Origin and Diffusion of mtDNA Haplogroup X Reidla et al, 2003
  • mtDNA Variation in the Altai-Kizhi Population of Southern Siberia: A Synthesis of Genetic Variation Phillips-Krawczak et al, 2006
  • mtDNA Haplogroup X: An Ancient Link between Europe/Western Asia and North America? Brown et al, 1998
  • High-Resolution SNPs and Microsatellite Haplotypes Point to a Single, Recent Entry of Native American Y Chromosomes into the Aericas Zegura et al, 2003
  • Identification of Native American Founder mtDNAs Through the Analysis of Complete mtDNA Sequences: Some Caveats Bandelt et al, 2003
  • Mitochondrial DNA and the Peopling of the New World Schurr, 2000
  • Interpreting the DNA Data and the Book of Mormon Tvedtnes
  • DNA Evidence for Atlantis Hall, 2006
  • Wikipedia, Haplogroup X (mtDNA)

    Other X mtDNA HaploGroup Web sites: WorldFamilies.net/mtdna/x

    Visitors since 1 Jul 2006:



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