STEWART FAMILY- Background

Our Patrilineal Family

The Royal House of Stewart was founded by Robert II (2 March 1316 – 19 April 1390) of Scotland. Robert's great-great-grandfather Walter STEWART (~1198-1246) was the 3rd High Steward of Scotland and the first member of this historic family to use the surname Stewart.

Walter is also the patrilineal ancestor of most members of this project according to the Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) test results and unquestionable lineages of several of his ducal descendants. How closely they are related to each other is shown by Table #2 and Table #1.

Even though only a few of his descendants were monarchs, geneticists call all of Walter's patrilineal descendants the ROYAL STEWART clade or cluster, regardless of their surnames. In this context, "Royal Stewart" refers to about 16% of all men with the surname Stewart. The name "Royal Stewart" distinguishes this Stewart family from other Stewart families clearly and in a way that is understood by everyone. If it seems pretentious to some descendants of the High Stewards of Scotland they can join the Stewart project that refers to them euphemistically as "Ancient Stewarts". Please submit a better name for this project if you can, hopefully one that suits everyone.

The Court of the Lord Lyon recognizes three 'Stewart' clans. According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, our occupational surname Stewart (O.E. stiward, stigweard) comes from the words "stig" (hall, pen) + "weard" (guard) of our Indo-Hittite ancestors. Spellings include Stiward, Steuart, Steward, Stewart, Stuart and Gaelic STÍOBHARD, STÍOBHART, STIÚBHARD. Names may be spelled in the arbitrary way that record keepers wrote them, not how your ancestors would have spelled them if they had known how to read and write.

Arms of the Great Steward until 1371

Ducal Descendants of Charles II

A duke is a nobleman with the highest hereditary rank, especially a man of the highest grade of the peerage in Great Britain. The Y-DNA test results of the following four quite separate ducal families provide an ironclad benchmark against which the administrators of this genetic genealogy project measure other claimants.

1) Richmond, Lennox and Gordon
2) Grafton
3) St Albans
4) Buccleuch and Queensberry.

Some of these dukes are officers of the Royal Stuart Society. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Stuart_Society.

More information about these dukes is at:

• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Buccleuch and http://www.angelfire.com/realm/gotha/gotha/buccleuch.html . The present Duke of Buccleuch might be the present King if Lucy Walter had married his patrilineal ancestor King Charles II (some say evidence of their marriage was destroyed). See this Buccleuch Obituary.
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Grafton and http://www.angelfire.com/realm/gotha/gotha/grafton.html
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Richmond and http://www.angelfire.com/realm/gotha/gotha/richmond.html
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Lennox
• http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_St._Albans and http://www.angelfire.com/realm/gotha/gotha/st_albans.html
  There are a couple thousand living descendants of King Charles II and Nell Gwyn in the St. Albans family alone.

Our Patrilineal Haplogroup

ySTR (short tandem repeat) tests of patrilineal descendants of the High Stewards of Scotland show that they belong to the Western Atlantic Modal Haplotype (WAMH), the most common haplotype in Europe's most common haplogroup, R1b.

The International Society for Genetic Genealogy (ISOGG) named our subclade R1b1a2a1a1b4 (R-L 21, L459). The Most Recent Common Patrilineal Ancestor (MRCpa) of everyone who belongs to this subclade lived many generations before Europeans adopted surnames. Some DNA testing companies, e.g., 23ANDME call our subclade R1b1b2a1a2f* instead.

Our subclade may have a longer name soon. Dr. Thomas Krahn's WTY test of a member of our patrilineal family discovered three new SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms). SNP test results always trump STR test results because "A SNP is a mutation that occurs 'once in history' and is passed down to all of the male descendants of the man who first had the mutation"... So far only members of the Royal Stewart clade have tested positive for SNPs R-L21 L744, L745 & L746 (a.k.a. S310 ?). Our next pooled WTY test may reveal major branches within the Royal Stewart clade that have their own "private" Y-SNPs, as in the case of Dr. Jim Wilson.

FTDNA recommends "that those who have the WAMH use the Y-DNA67 or Y-DNA111 test to confirm genealogical relationships unless they have a rare surname." Few mutations distinguish some branches of this family from each other. Upgrading to the Y-DNA67 or Y-DNA111 level may help the experts to determine to which branch some members belong. Three main advantages of testing 67 markers over testing 37 are:
a) By using additional markers groups of related participants have a better chance of finding mutations which identify sub-branches in the family.
b) People who match each other closely at the Y-DNA67 level know that they belong to the same genetic family even if they have different surnames.
c) A Y-DNA67 test can further refine our estimate of how closely related two individuals are.
See http://www.familytreedna.com/faq-markers.aspx

The more markers we can compare the better we can tell who is related to whom and how closely. "The Y-DNA111 test is intended for those who wish to refine the time to most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) calculation with a close or exact match and who wish to improve the confidence in a match." See https://www.familytreedna.com/faq/answers/default.aspx?faqid=9#330.aspx.

Click here for more information about this haplogroup.

Can We Help Each Other?

* FTDNA created this genetic genealogy project especially for Walter's descendants on October 29, 2010. The more of them join it the better it can help them to achieve their genealogical goals.

* Our test results are useless unless we can compare them with those of others. Please do not make them "Private". "Genealogy is like a jigsaw puzzle... If everyone hides their piece of the puzzle, none of us will get anywhere." Diana Gale Matthiesen

* Providing information about your most distant known ancestors may help you to find genealogical connections with your genetic matches.

* Upload your GEDCOM or post a link to your Pedigree in Table #1. Share your Stewart lineage and DNA success stories, e.g., by participating in genealogical forums. Help all Stewart and other genealogists to understand the benefits of genetic genealogy so that our database will grow. Encourage members of other families and strangers to have their DNA tested too. The more people have their DNA tested and the more advanced techniques become, the easier it will be for us to find our kinfolk, and the better FTDNA can serve us.

A comparison of our pedigrees and DNA test results may help us to identify to which branch of this Stewart/Stuart family someone belongs even if he does not know the names of his biological parents. People with different surnames may be surprised to learn that they too are members of our historic Stewart family.

The accessibility and affordability of family DNA testing is doubtless the greatest technical advance in the history of genealogical research because -- at long, long last -- we have a tool to break down those brick walls!" Matthiesen

* FTDNA will collect your donation via the Donate to the General Fund link at the bottom of this web page and use it according to your wishes, e.g., to pay for all or part of the DNA test of a Stewart from the village from which your patrilineal ancestor came. His local newspaper may advertise your offer and encourage more interest in DNA testing.

* Join other Stewart DNA projects even though they include Stewarts who are no closer kin to our Stewart family than to families with other Scottish and occupational surnames. The more project administrators help you the better.

* Email an administrator of this project if you want more details about how to order and use your DNA sample collection kit. If you do not join this or another surname project before ordering you may be charged FTDNA's regular prices at http://www.familytreedna.com/products.aspx.

The Future of Genetic Genealogy

* Learn more about this topic and FTDNA President Bennett Greenspan via this video.

* Full Y-chromosome Genome testing will reveal how all members of the royal Stewart cluster are related to each other.

* SNP testing will eventually reveal how all R1b families are related to each other.

Thank You FTDNA President Greenspan & Team!

Note:

* If you want to join this project and to order a Y-DNA test please click on the Join Request link in the blue header bar at the top of this web page. If you already have an FTDNA account please click on the same link and log in to it.
* You may join, leave & be part of multiple projects without the permission of an administrator of this project. Unless you test positive for SNP R-L 21 L744 or L745 or L746, or someone in Table #2 shows up as one of your DNA matches, you may be asked to leave this project.
* You may order upgrades and other tests online or by telephoning FTDNA at 713-868-1438 Monday - Friday, 9A-6PM EST, 8A-5PM CST.
* That Family Tree DNA has the largest database is one of the many reasons why paying any other company for a Y-DNA test for genealogical purposes would be a mistake. How to switch from another company to FTDNA.
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* Your purchases benefit FTDNA but not the administrators of this STUART project. The unpaid administrators of this project thank all of those who care about it.

The Stewart Monarchs

Thirteen Stewart monarchs ruled Scotland from 1371 to the death of Queen Anne in 1714, about three and a half centuries. They helped to transform Scotland from a relatively poor and feudal country into a prosperous, fairly modern and centralized state. Some of William Shakespeare's best known plays and the beautifully worded King James Version of the Judeo-Christian Bible were published during the reign of King James I of England.

The web site at http://www.thepeerage.com/ has images of some members of this British (not Anglo-Saxon) family. It is the source of most of Queen Mary Stuart's lineage below. A more comprehensive lineage is at http://www.chuckspeed.com/balquhidder/history/alan.htm

Many of the living descendants of King James I of England are listed at http://www.angelfire.com/realm/gotha/James1.html. We hope all of them heed his ideas about tobacco use at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Counterblaste_to_Tobacco.
"Plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose" (Jean-Baptiste Alphonse Karr).

Queen Elizabeth II is said to be of the Count Palantine – Hanoverian – Saxe Coburg Gotha (Germanic) branch of the Celtic House of Stuart. Through their mother, Diana, Princess of Wales, Their Royal Highnesses Princes William and Harry have five Stuart descents - three from Charles II (two through the Richmonds, one through the Graftons and one from James II by Arabella Churchill).

The official web site of the Royal Family of England is at http://www.royal.gov.uk/.
More information about the royal house of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha is at:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Royal_Family
http://www.angelfire.com/realm/gotha/gotha/greatbritain.html
http://www.angelfire.com/realm/gotha/gotha/hannover.html

Refreshing Music While You Read

Reputed Lineage of the Stewart Monarchs of Scotland

1) Allan, Seneschal de Dol en Bretagne (crusader in 1097)
2) Flaald fitz Flaald, Seneschal de Dol (d. between 1080 and 1106)
3) Alan fitz Flaald (d. after 1114), m. Aveline de Hesdin. Ancestor of Earls of Arundel.
4) Walter fitz Alan (died June 1177) was the 1st hereditary High Steward of Scotland (c1150-1177), m. Eochyna de Molle
5) Alan fitz Walter (1140 – 1204), 2nd Great Steward of Scotland (d. circa 1204) and Eve (?)
6) Walter STEWART of Dundonald, 3rd High Steward of Scotland (~1198-1246), was the first member of this family to use the surname Stewart.
7) Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland (b. circa 1214, d. circa 1283), m Jean Macrory
8) James Stewart, 5th High Steward of Scotland (b. c 1243 - died 16 Jul 1309)
9) Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland (b. 1292 - d. 9 Apr 1327) married Margorie Bruce, Princess of Scotland, daughter of Robert I Bruce, King of Scotland.
10) Robert II Stewart, first monarch of the House of Stewart (b. 2 Mar 1316 - d. 19 Apr 1390) and father of the Duke of Albany (c.1340–1420).
11) Robert III Stewart, King of Scotland (b. 1337 - d. 4 Apr 1406)
12) James I Stewart, King of Scotland (b. 25 Jul 1394 - murdered 21 Feb 1437) was held prisoner in the Tower of London
13) James II Stewart, King of Scotland (b. 16 Oct 1430 - d. 3 Aug 1460 during siege of Roxburgh Castle)
14) James III Stewart, King of Scotland (b. 10 Jul 1452 - d. 11 Jun 1488 at the Battle of Sauchieburn)
15) James IV Stewart, King of Scotland (b. 17 Mar 1473 - killed in Battle of Flodden Field 9 Sep 1513).
16) James V Stewart, King of Scotland (b. 15 Apr 1512). He had many illegitimate children. He died 14 Dec 1542 from illness after the Battle of Solway Moss. His first wife was Madeleine de Valois. His second wife Marie de Guise (22 November 1515 – 11 June 1560) refused to marry Henry VIII of England because she wanted to keep her "little neck". She is the mother of Queen Mary Stuart.

Signet Ring of Queen Mary Stuart

17) Mary, Queen of Scotland and France (b. 7 Dec 1542 - d. 8 Feb 1587) was the only legitimate child of James V to survive him. Five-year-old Mary and two of her half-brothers were sent to France in order to avoid the "rough wooing" of Henry VIII. She spent the next thirteen years at the French court, mainly at Amboise, near Tours, where she adopted the Gallicised spelling Marie Stuart. She was vivacious, beautiful, clever, devoutly Catholic and is still venerated by the French. She returned to Scotland after her first husband King Francis II of France died. She married her half first cousin Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley (b. 7 December 1545). He was strangled to death after an explosion on 10 February 1567. Mary was blamed. She was unable to cope with the dangerous and complex religious and political situation in Scotland at the time. Although she tolerated the newly established Protestant ascendancy, she charged John Knox, says Dr. MacCrie, "with stirring up her subjects against her, and among other things, upbraied him with sedition", by reason of his treatise on women's government, entitled The First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women. Mary kept her illegitimate half-brother James Stewart, 1st Earl of Moray (c. 1531 – 11 January 1570) as her chief advisor even though he was a leader of the Protestant faction. He rebelled, defeated her forces at the Battle of Langside (13 May 1568) and became Regent of Scotland after he forced her to flee to England. Mary sought the protection of her father's Protestant first cousin Queen Elizabeth I (1533-1603), who was declared illegitimate. Elizabeth betrayed Mary's trust, accused her of treason, had her imprisoned and signed her death warrant. Were Elizabeth's trusted advisors afraid Mary would influence her 21-year old Presbyterian son to become a Catholic king?

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Patrilineal lineage of the Stuart Monarchs of England

7) Alexander Stewart, 4th High Steward of Scotland, b. circa 1214, d. circa 1283
8) John Stewart, of Bonkyl and Garlies, b. Abt 1245, killed 1298 at Battle Of Falkirk
9) Sir Alan Stewart, of Dreghorn killed 1333 at Battle of Halidon Hill
10) Sir Alexander Stewart, of Darnley, b. Abt 1345, d. 1404
11} Sir John Stuart, 6th of Darnley, 1st Seigneur d'Aubigny, b. Abt 1365, killed 1428 at Battle of Rouvray (Orleans), France.
12) Sir Alan Stuart, 7th of Darnley of Darnley, killed 1439 by Sir Thomas Boyd 4th of Kilmarnock
13) Sir John Stuart, 1st Lord Darnley, b. before 1430, d. 1495
14) Matthew Stuart, 2nd Earl of Lennox, b. 1444, killed 1513 at Battle of Flodden
15) John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Lennox, b. 1492, murdered 1526
16) Matthew Stuart, 4th Earl of Lennox, b. 1516, killed 1571 in attack on Parliment
17) Henry "Darnley" Stuart, b. 1545, murdered 1567
18) James I Charles Stuart, King of Great Britain (b. 1566 - d. 1625), Presbyterian, crowned King of Scotland on 29 July 1567 and King of Great Britain on 25 July 1603, m. Anne Oldenburg, Princess of Denmark.
19) Charles I Stuart (b. 1600 - beheaded 1649) m. Henriette Marie de Bourbon, Princesse de France.
20) Charles II Stuart was born in 1630 and died Catholic on Feb. 6, 1685. His wife was childless. He acknowledged at least 12 illegitimate children.

Timeline of Scottish Monarchs

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Privacy

Members of this project can share pedigrees, test results and kit numbers without revealing their identities. People who know your kit number can not log into your FTDNA account without a password. The only information that those who know your password can obtain is what you gave FTDNA, e.g., your name, phone number and email and street addresses, and the names and email addresses of people whose test results are similar to your own. FTDNA does not store credit card information. Since thousands of your cousins may have the same genetic signatures, even those who know your name can not use your test results against you in any way, e.g., to prove paternity or that you committed a crime. Using the results of your DNA tests to discriminate against you may be illegal, even if you make your identity and entire personal genome public. Some DNA-testing pros & cons.

Historical Timeline

• 55BC Julius Caesar landed in Britain and suppressed the religion of the ancient Celts.
• 1st and 2nd century AD Imperial authorities viewed Catholicism as Judaism, a protected religion (Roman persecution of Catholics is exaggerated).
• 54AD Claudius completely forbade Druid rites.
• 66AD rebellion in Judea - Jews temporarily lost protected status.
• 80AD The Roman general Julius Agricola invaded "Albion" or "Caledonia", the ancient names for Scotland.
• 84AD Celtic tribes of Caledonia united under Calgacus but were defeated by the Romans.
• 121 - 129AD Roman Emperor Hadrian's coast-to-coast Wall was built in six years.
• 380 Theodosius I made Catholicism the official state religion of the Roman Empire and suppressed heresy and paganism.
• 397 The Catholic conquest of Scotland began.
• 476 The Roman Empire collapsed. Polytheistic Anglo-Saxon Germans invaded Great Britain and dispossessed the British except in Wales, etc. Many Bretons fled to Brittany.
• 646 Semitic Arabs (Haplogroup J) began their conquest of northern Africa and its indigenous Berbers.
• 686 Isle of Wight was the last part of England to succumb to Catholicism. Its inhabitants reverted to paganism after Wulfhere of Mercia converted them at sword point.
• 800 - 900s Vikings raided Scotland.
• 995 Orkney Islanders were forcibly Judeo-Christianised.
• 1005 King Malcolm II ruled Scotland and defeated the Vikings at the Battle of Mortlach.
• 1034 - 1040 King Duncan I.
• 1040 - 1057 Macbeth killed Duncan to become King of Scotland.
• 1066 Guillaume le Bâtard conquered England, brought over hundreds of Jews for financial reasons, and instituted a feudal system.
• 1218 England became the first European nation to require Jews to wear a marking badge.
• 1241 Moguls attacked Poland and other Baltic states. "Mongul campaigns may have resulted in the deaths of 40 million people."
• 1282 - 1307 Edward I conquered Wales and Scotland, confiscated the Scottish coronation stone, and expelled Jews.
• 1297 William Wallace led the Scottish war of Independence.
• 1305 William_Wallace was betrayed, delivered to Edward I, stripped naked and dragged through London at the heels of a horse, strangled by hanging but released while he was still alive, castrated, eviscerated and his bowels burnt before him, beheaded, then cut into parts that were displayed separately in various parts of England.
• 1306 Robert the Bruce was crowned King.
• 1314 Battle_of_Bannockburn - Robert the Bruce defeated the English and gained Scottish independence.
• 1349 - 1666 Bubonic plague ravaged Britain.
• 1371 The first Stewart King, Robert II, took the throne.
• 1387 Northern Crusaders imposed Catholicism on Lithuania (the largest state in Europe at that time).
• 1513 James IV was killed at the Battle of Flodden.
• 1535 England annexed Wales.
• 1559 The Reformation in Scotland began with John Knox's sermon at Perth. "Every kingdom divided against itself is brought to desolation..." Matthew 12:25.
• 1561 Mary Queen of Scots returned to Scotland from France.
• 1567 Mary Queen of Scots's second husband Henry Stuart, a.k.a. "Lord Darnley", was murdered.
• 1568 Elizabeth I imprisoned Mary Queen of Scots after she fled to England.
• 1587 Elizabeth I had Mary Queen of Scots beheaded at Fotheringay Castle (later demolished by her grandson despite its size and importance).
• 1600 Catholics burned Giordano Bruno to death for proposing that the sun is a star, and that intelligent beings populate other worlds.
• 1603 Mary's son James VI of Scotland became James I of England and united the Crowns.
• 1607 The first permanent English settlement in what is now the USA was named after King James I of England.
• 1633 Catholics silence and incarcerate Galileo Galilei (1564 – 1642) for showing that the earth orbits the sun.
• 1649 Parliament beheaded Charles I.
• 1656 Oliver Cromwell invited Jews to England for financial reasons despite the laws and the opposition of clergy and merchants.
• 1657 England annexed Scotland.
• 1683 The Battle of Vienna thwarted the expansion of the Islamic Empire into Europe.
• 1688 Jews helped William III depose James II of England, and transferred Europe's financial center from Amsterdam to London.
• 1692 Massacre of Glencoe - The Campbells massacred the MacDonald clan.
• 1707 Threatened with trade sanctions, etc. and contrary to the wishes of the deposed monarch and the Scottish people, Scotland became part of the English Empire. "We were bought and sold for English Gold." Robert Burns.
• 1746 Battle of Culloden - Jews helped defeat the Jacobite Scots - Charles Edward Stuart fled to France.
• 1776 Thirteen North American colonies seceded from the English Empire.
• 1800 Ireland became part of the English Empire, achieved in part according to contemporary documents through bribery.
• 1815 Napoléon lost the Battle of Waterloo.
• 1819 The Strathnaver Clearances began on the Sutherland estates - families were given 30 minutes to remove their belongings before their cottages were set on fire.
• 1861 South Carolina attacked Fort Sumpter and began a fratricidal war that killed a quarter of its males and half of its enlisted men.
• 19th century Inquisition and Witch Trials ended.
• 1914 England declared war on Germany.
• 1919 Ireland seceded from the English Empire.
• 1939 England declared war on Germany again.
• 1945 An eye for an eye and an eye and so forth.
• 1956 "... Scotland is the only European country which has no history of state persecution of Jews." Jewish-Scottish scholar David Daiches.
• 1999 Scottish Parliament held session for the first time since its adjournment in 1707.

Haplogroups of Historical and Famous Figures

E.g., Napoléon, Hitler & Einstein belong to E1b1b. Y-haplogroups E1b1b and J are founding lineages of the Semitic population (Arabs & Jews).