Results
DNA samples are detailed below:
Group 1 (Haplotype I1)
Francis D. SANDIFER, b 1824 (kit 102506). He was the brother of Gregory Jones SANDIFER and Joshua SANDIFER. They came from Virginia across the wilderness trail through Tennessee and Kentucky to Greenville, Illinois to Golden City, MO. Then to Girard, Kansas and then returned to Greenville, IL.
William Yarbrough/Yarborough Sandifer (kit 144665), b. 1792 SC. He went to Pike County, MS before 1820, married Elizabeth Simmons (b. 1801, Barnwell Co, SC. This line traces through their son John Washington Sandifer, b. 1825, Pike Co., MS > John C. Sandifer b. c1875, Pike Co., MS
Abraham Norvell SANDERFER from Chester Co., SC (kit 122381). Samuel SANDERFER was Abraham's son. He married a neighbor's daughter, Mary LOTT, and they had seven sons. This line is directly and proudly related to his son, James Monroe SANDERFER.
Robert SANDEFUR, NC>LA abt. 1800; (Kit 128470) died abt. 1810, Rapides Parish, LA. This line traces forward through Robert M. SANDEFUR, born abt. 1810, St. Landry Parish, LA; Walter Scott SANDEFUR, born 1859, St. Landry Parish, LA; Willis Bryan SANDEFUR, born 1885, St. Landry Parish, LA; Eldridge Hugh SANDEFUR Sr., born 1913, Rapides Parish, LA.
Johnson P SANDIFER (kit 123106) is the possible son of William Nightengale Sandifer. Johnson P SANDIFER, b 1794 SC d 3 Jul 1866 Lincoln Miss m Jane "Jennie" Rice. The descendency of this kit is through William R Sandifer b1830 Copiah, Miss & Amanda Caroline Sandifer>William Joseph Johnson Sandifer b16 Aug 1860, Rankin Miss & Mary Elizabeth Nelson>William Pleasant Sandifer Reverend b 21 Mar 1880, Old Pearl, Simpson Miss & Permelia Armentie Richardson.
John D. SANDIFER, b1783SC (kit 75026). Migrated to Barnwell District, SC, married Susanna TYLER and d1854 Copiah Co., Miss.
John SANDIVOR/SANDEFUR, d1691 (Kit 70478). This line traces their lineage forward through John SANDIVER/SANDIFER bc1666>William SANDEFUR bMecklenburg VA d1782>James Nix(s)on SANDEFUR bc1768 Mecklenburg Co. VA d1816 Green Co., KY>James B. SANDEFUR b1800 Green Co., KY d1873 Johnson Co., IN.
Benjamin SANDIFER (Kit 144132) m. Keziah, is the possible son of Peter and Priscilla SANDIFER of Chester Co., SC. This line descends through Benjamin's son Peter SANDIFER, b. c1797 SC >Lucius S. b. c1832, Barnwell Co., SC >Benjamin Rice b. 1854, Barnwell Co., SC >Luther DeWitt b. 1885, Barnwell Co., SC, d. 1970, Fairfield County, SC.
Benjamin SANDIFER d. abt. 1808, Barnwell County, (Kit #146144) m. Keziah, is the possible son of Peter and Priscilla SANDIFER of Chester Co., SC. This line descends through Benjamin's son Peter SANDIFER, b. c. 1797, in S.C., d. 1850 and Matilda b. 1797, d. 1850, to Henry Monroe b. in SC c1862 who married Alice R. Smoke b. 1-19-1871 and d. 4-23-1963 in Bamberg, S.C., to Daniel Kissler Sandifer, b. 5-23-1893 in Barnwell County, S.C. and d. 5-3-40, in Bamberg. Daniel Kissler married Lessie Corrine McCormick, b.7-6-1894, d. 3-16-1974, and their sons were Daniel Kissler Sandifer, Jr. (aka D.K.), Robert Henry Sandifer, and John Gyles Sandifer, all born in Bamberg.
Group 2 (Haplotype R1b1b2)
William F Sandiford 1858 Boston, USA (Kit# 149943). William F was born in the USA, but by age three was living in the UK. This line traces through William J Sandiford b. 1888 in Southport Lancashire, UK migrated to Boston, MA, US in 1913, Brendan Sandiford b. 1922 Medford, MA USA and John Sandiford.
John SANDIFORD 1663 (kit 128536) This line traces through Roger SANDIFORD b abt 1520 d. 1609 Radcliffe>James SUNDYFORTH b Abt 1550 d 1610 Radcliffe, Lancashire, England>Roger SANDYFORTH b. 1577 Radcliffe d. 1631 Radcliffe>Roger SOUNDYFORTH b. 13 Jan 1611 Radcliffe>Roger SOUNDYFORTH bp. 20 April 1628, Radcliffe d. 1704> John SANDIFORD b 1663, Radcliffe, Lancashire, England>Roger Sandiford, b c1691, Radcliffe, Lancashire>Roger SANDIFORD b 1741, Radcliffe, Lancashire>Robert SANDIFORD d 1845, Leyland, Lancashire>James B. SANDIFORD, b 1813, d. 1874, Chorley, Lancashire>John SANDIFORD, b 1843, d 1913 Chorley, Lancashire>Arthur SANDIFORD b. 1843, Whittle-le-woods, Lancashire, d. 1940, Blockhouse Bay, Auckland New Zealand.
Peter SANDIFER Sr. SC 1771 (Kit 130189) This line traces back to Peter SANDIFER Sr. >Peter Jr, Feliciana, LA 1812 >Thomas J., Pike Co, Mss, 1847>James Ira, TX>John F. Min. Wells, TX 1912.
Peter SANDIFER 1771 (Kit 130720). This line traces through William SANDIFER b. 1799 Barnwell Co. SC; Robert Peter SANDIFER b. c1836 Pike Co. MS; William Josephus SANDIFER b. 1859, Pike Co. MS; Henry Robert SANDIFER 1899 Pike County, MS.
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Dated 4/11/09. All members of the Sandifer DNA Project that have received their Y-DNA results from FamilyTreeDNA have been identified as being in one of two Haplogroups, Haplogroup I, Subclade I1 (old I1a) or Haplogroup R, Subclade R1b1b2.
HAPLOGROUP I1 AND SUBCLADES
Haplogroup I is the most common haplogroup in Western Europe next to R1b. While it is the most common haplogroup in Scandinavia, overall it has a broad European distribution. I1 is the most common subclade of haplogroup I.
In human DNA, Haplogroup subclade I1 is a Y-chromosome haplogroup occurring in greatest frequency in Scandinavia associated with the mutations identified as M253, M307, P30 and P40. Geographically, I1 is highly concentrated in northern Germany, Denmark, and southern Norway and Sweden.
A number of individuals have helped in defining varieties (further subclading) of I1, most noted among these is Ken Nordtvedt. This is accomplished based on the STR haplotypes received from your DNA testing companies. Among European Haplotypes, the STR (marker) DYS455=8 is virtually exclusive to I1 and the STR marker set YCAIIa,b=19,21 is universal in I1.
All I1 members of the Project that have been tested for DYS455 and YCAIIa,b have 8 repeats for DYS455, and 19,21 repeats for YCAIIa,b. DYS19=14 repeats and DYS392=11 repeats is also considered highly I1. All current I1 members of the project have tested 14 repeats for DYS19 and 11 repeats for DYS392.
The I1 subclade also has defined varieties such as, Anglo-Saxon, Norse, Sardinian, Isles, Dinaric, Western, Continental, etc. There are currently 20+ defined varieties (subclades) of Anglo-Saxon and Norse. These are being further defined as new results come in and new varieties are discovered.
At the current time all I1 project members are projected to be in the I1-Anglo-Saxon (AS) Generic subclade. And even though all members have some Norse leaning markers there are some good reasons for the I1-AS Generic classification.
All I1 members of the project have DYS390 results with 22 repeats. DYS390=22 is a strong indicator of Anglo-Saxon whereas DYS390=23 would be Norse.
An even stronger indication of Anglo-Saxon is DYS462=12. The three I1 members who have tested this marker have 12 repeats at DYS462. Norse would be DYS462=13.
Another STR marker that indicates Anglo-Saxon is DYS460=10. With the exception of member #146144 all I1 members have 10 at DYS460. Norse would most probably be 11 repeats at DYS460.
A recently discovered SNP L22 also divides Anglo-Saxon and Norse with L22 negative being Anglo-Saxon and L22 positive being Norse. Only one member has tested this SNP with the result of L22=negative and indicating Anglo-Saxon.
Some Norse leaning markers which makes one ponder the Anglo-Saxon classification are DYS511 and DYS413a,b. All I1 members who have tested DYS511 have 10 repeats at this marker normally indicating Norse. Anglo-Saxon would generally have 9 repeats. The I1 members who have tested DYS413a,b have 23,25 also indicating Norse.
Ken Nordtvedt who works with I1 haplotype subgroups daily believes that we had an isolated mutation at DYS511 from 9 to 10 in our ancestry. This could become valuable information later on as more test become available.
MIGRATION
All subclade I1 project members at the moment believe that their ancestors migrated from the British Isles to the Americas and most likely to Virginia. The logical path from their deep clade ancestor might have been Iberia to Scandinavia, to the British Isles and then to Virginia.
Around 400 AD after the Romans left the British Isles, Anglo-Saxons, Norse and Danish Vikings either invaded or migrated to the British Isles. Brian Sykes, geneticist and founder of Oxford Ancestors, indicates that if you are of the Haplogroup I and you can trace your paternal ancestors to central or southern England, then your ancestry is most likely Anglo-Saxon. If you trace them to eastern England then your ancestry is most likely Danish.
SUBCLADE I1 Y-DNA HAPLOTYPE MODAL
Enough subclade I1 members have upgraded their test results to a point that we can now start to develop a Sandifer Variants (Virginia) I1 Haplotype Cluster Modal. This modal would look as follows:
Use the first 67 markers (and their associated repeats) of Kit# 122381 & Kit#128470 and add on 4 additional markers DYS461=11, DYS462=12, GATA10=14 and DYS635=22. The most significant of those markers and the ones that most clearly define the I1 Sandifer Variants (Virginia) Cluster are:
DYS19=14
DYS390=22
DYS455=8
YCAIIa,b=19,21
DYS388=15
DYS464a,b,c,d=12,12,13,15
DYS511=10
DYS462=12
The largest Genetic Distance (GD) by any I1 project member against this modal is 3 based on 67 markers tested. Three members have a GD=0, two based on 67 markers tested and one on 37 markers tested.
The genetic distances which occur among I1 members are mostly on the fast mutating markers DYS576, CDYa,b and DYS413a. The one exception to this is Kit #146144 who has genetic distances of 1 at DYS458 and DYS460. From our current genealogical paper trails, there is no match between any of these I1 member kits for at least 6 generations. FTDNA provides estimates of having a common ancestor between members and most fall in a 6 to 10 generation range. With the genetic distances occurring on fast mutation markers, FTDNA calculations don’t indicate whether the percentages may be much higher for these time frames. These estimates and GD results along with paper trails tend to suggest that the mutations have occurred since arrival in America are very shortly before and that most I1 members have a common ancestor since arrival in Virginia are shortly before in England.
HAPLOGROUP R1b1b2 AND SUBCLADES
Wikipedia provides the following for haplogroup R1b and it’s subclade R1b1b2. In human genetics, Haplogroup R1b is the most frequent Y-chromosome haplogroup in Western Europe, where its frequency is highest. More specifically, its frequency is highest in Atlantic Europe and, due to European emigration, in North America, South America, and Australia. In southern England, the frequency of R1b is about 70%, and in parts of north and western England, Spain, Portugal, France, Wales, Scotland and Ireland the frequency of R1b is greater than 90%. Haplogroup R1b is defined by the presence of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) M343, which was discovered in 2004.
R1b1b2 Subclade
Most of the present-day European males with the M343 marker also have the P25 and M269 markers. These markers define the R1b1b2 subclade. This subgroup is believed by some to have existed before the last Ice Age and has been associated with the Aurignacian culture, (32,000 - 21,000 BC). Although the precise route of the R1b (M269) marker is not known, it is theorized to have originated in Western Europe. It could have entered prehistoric Europe from the area of Ukraine/Belarus via the coasts of the Black Sea and the Baltic Sea. It is considered widespread in Europe throughout the Paleolithic already before the last Ice Age.
The present-day population of R1b in Western Europe is believed to be the descendants of a refugium in the Iberian Peninsula (Portugal and Spain), where the R1b1b2 haplogroup may have achieved genetic homogeneity. As conditions eased with the Allerød Oscillation in about 12,000 BC, descendants of this group migrated and eventually recolonised all of Western Europe, leading to the dominant position of R1b in variant degrees from Iberia to Scandinavia, so evident in haplogroup maps.
In earlier literature the M269 marker, rather than M343, was used to define the R1b haplogroup. Then, for a time, from 2003 to 2005, what is now R1b1b2 was designated R1b3. From 2005 to 2008 it was R1b1c. This shows how nomenclature can evolve as new markers are discovered and then investigated.
SUBCLADE R1b1b2 HAPLOTYPE MODAL
The current Sandifer Variants R1b1b2 Haplotype Modal is based on the 67 markers of Kit #130720 with the exception of marker DYS570=19 for the modal instead of the 20 repeats at that marker for Kit #130720.
The Atlantic Modal Haplotype (AMH) is a Y-Chromosome haplotype within the R1b haplogroup. The AMH is the most frequent occurring haplotype amongst human males in Atlantic Europe. It is characterized by the following marker alleles:
DYS388=12
DYS390=24
DYS391=11
DYS392=13
DYS393=13
DYS19 =14
One mutation in either direction would be AMH 1.15+. The AMH 1.15 set of haplotypes is also referred to as the Atlantic Modal Cluster or AMC. All Group 2 members of the project meet the above set of markers with the exception of being 10 at DYS391. Therefore they would be of the AMC.
There are a number of varieties of the AMC Modal Cluster, such as, Atlantic MH, Anglo Saxon, Norwegian, Cohen MH, Brythonic Celt, etc. and it seems that all Group 2 project members fall in to that subclade called Brythonic Celt. The Brythonic Celt AMC subclade is the same as the AMH with the exception of DYS being 10 repeats instead of 11. The age of the Brythonic Celt subclade is 2,500 – 3000 years old. Some Brythonic Celts had entered the British Isles around 700 - 100 BC, while others remained on the Continent, primarily in Gaul - (the modern territories of France, Belgium, Luxembourg, west of the Rhine).
R1b1b2 DEEP CLADE TESTING
For those R1b1b2 project members who are interested in deep ancestry they should take the Deep SNP-R1b Test. There are a lot of SNPs being discovered that are downstream from M269+ and further divide this subclade. And there are some Y-DNA Projects for some of these subclades.
For instance, those whose deep test results show L11+P311+P310+U106+P107+ would be in the subclade R1b1b2a1a2 and would have ancestors that are confined to England pre-Anglo-Saxon. There are at least 17 subclades of R1b1b2 making up such clades as European Australians, Basque, Spanish – New World Latinos, “Nial”, Iberia: SW England and Ireland, etc.
ORIGINATION OF SANDIFER VARIANT SURNAMES
A study of old English Sandifer variant surnames seem to indicate that these surnames evolved from either Lancashire or Yorkshire areas of Briton before spreading slowly into surrounding counties. And then finally migrating to America, Barbados, New Zealand, etc. The earliest of the surnames seem to start showing up in 1200s with more in the 1300s. It is unknown which Variant was the original that the others broke off of, but the surname Sandiford seems to be the most prolific of the group.
ADDITIONAL TESTING RESULTS
Since FTDNA’s results format does not show additional tests that could very useful in the future, additional marker test results will be placed here:
Kit#.............DYS462.....DYS635.....DYS461.....Y-GATA-A10
#128470.........12
#123106.........12........………22........……11.........……..14
#70478...........12
#130720.........11
SNP Tests and Deep Clade Test Results
Those who know their SNP results can place their results below. These SNP results could become valuable later in determining our subclade(s) and in grouping project members.
Kit# SNP Results (SNP number followed by a + or -)
#12056 M253+
#144665 M253+
#122381 M253+
#128470 M253+
#123106 M253+P30+L22-M21-M227-P109-P259-
#75026 M253+
#70478 M253+
#144132 M253+
#146144 M253+
#128536 M269+ (Presumed Positive)
#130189 M269+ (Presumed Positive)
#130720 M269+L21-L11+L23+L49+P310+P311+P312-L1-L48-M126-P107-U106+U198-