The R-Z18 and Subgroups Haplogroup Project- Background

Background

The Z18 and downstream L257 SNPs have recently been discovered within the haplogroup R-U106. L257 was discovered as part of FT-DNA's Walkthrough The Y (WTY) project and Z18 was discovered by careful examination by Greg R. M. on DNA-Forums.org of a few L257+ and L257- Full-Y results from the 1000Genome project. This Z18 project will investigate Z18 and all downstream SNPs that are currently known and/or will be discovered in the future. A few of the highlights of the results, e.g. all subgroups discovered, will be presented here. For presentation of the full results, a separate web site will be used, as that gives us far more possibilities of presenting geographic maps, charts of testing results and all sorts of diagrams in general. This web site is at: www.L257.org. We expect this web site to be renamed to www.Z18.org in the near future.

Have you recently received a message from us ?

And do you want to know what it means ? It means you have in the past ordered a 67 marker DNA test and you have published the results of that test in e.g. a public database or FT-DNA project. We are continuously examining these public results looking for potential Z18 members. And you are one of those. Please read on to find out what that means to you.

The test you have ordered is an introductory test, that you can use to compare your own Y-DNA to people you know or expect to be in the same family (e.g. because they have the same surname) in FT-DNA surname projects. If you don't know such people, or you don't find them in your surname project, you'll have to start looking for matches in e.g. public databases. If you want to do this, you'll need to know the group of people in the big family tree of mankind (the Y-Tree) you belong to; this is called your Haplogroup or Clade. If you don't know your Haplogroup, you'll run a high chance of considering somebody a "close match" who in fact has a common ancestor with you many thousands of years in the past (a false positive). Unfortunately, this happens very often in the part of the Y-Tree we're talking about here. A Haplogroup or Clade is the group of all people who share a specific mutation in their Y-DNA. In the DNA testing world these mutations are called SNP (pronounced "snip"). Every haplogroup has an age, and within your haplogroup all people share a common ancestor with you in the time frame given by that age. So within your haplogroup, you can search for matches with that maximum time guarantee in the back of your head. And the younger the haplogroup, the better matches you are going to find.

The diagram below shows a tiny fragment of the big family tree of mankind (the Y-Tree). Each box is a mutation in the Y-DNA and defines a Haplogroup. All these mutations have a Letter+Number name, like U106. On the basis of your 67 marker profile, FT-DNA has estimated that you belong to the Haplogroup M269. This as such is not too helpful, as, say, 70% of the population of Western Europe (and thus a very significant portion of the North-American population) belongs to that group. In order to refine your knowledge of your position in the Y-Tree, you could order a Deep Clade test. This test will tell you in more detail to which Haplogroup you belong. Not all mutations/Haplogroups in the Y-Tree are covered by the Deep Clade test. New mutations are discovered very quickly and it takes time to adapt the tests. The Deep Clade DOES cover L257, but it does NOT cover Z18. If you are Z18, and by sending you a message we have told you we think you are, you need to order a Z18 test separately whether you have done a Deep Clade test or not. That is, if you are serious about getting a return on your investment in DNA testing. If you test Z18+, you'll be able to find guaranteed matches much easier than by looking in public databases and, above all, you'll be part of an advanced research project that will, without any doubt, tell you much more about your family's background and origin.

If you have read this part until here (congratulations, btw) and you still have questions, don't hesitate to ask (email addresses on the top of this page). If you want to test Z18, see the ordering instructions in the section "Ordering a Z18 SNP test" below. Ordering the test is very simple and will cost you about the price of a book; but THIS book is about YOU !!

Z18 is a SNP and SNPs are for anthropology, right ?

No, wrong. SNPs are at the very heart of genetic genealogy on family level. SNPs define family trees, either the full tree of mankind or the particular tree of your surname family. As only a small subset of SNPs are currently known, STRs ("markers") are currently used for finding the members of a family. If you've read the previous section carefully, you know that this doesn't work. If you use only STRs for selecting matching profiles from databases, you're highly likely to find lots and lots of false positives. In general, SNPs define relationships and STRs suggest relationships.
Z18 as such is 3-4,000 years old. But only about 8-10% of U106+ is currently expected to be Z18+. And depending on your definition of Europe for this purpose, about 20% of male Europeans are U106+. So if you are Z18+ you know that you belong to a well-defined (by the Z18 SNP) subgroup smaller than 2% of the European population. This means, you only have to look at this small subgroup for matches. If you consider that FT-DNA (the largest public testing company by far) has published about 125,000 profiles, then if you are Z18+, about 2% of these profiles or about 2,500 are relevant to you. All the others are not relevant because the common ancestor they share with you is older than the age of Z18 (said 3-4k years). Scientific fact !! With the right software, it's feasable to look at the full set of profiles that are candidate Z18+. BTW, please note that the databases available on the internet contain far less than these 125.000 profiles. If you are using these public databases, you are searching in only a small subset of all available profiles
Within the haplogroup R-Z18 there are a number of firm groups of profiles we call Clusters. These clusters are defined by a very specific pattern of STRs that make them nearly unique within the R-M269 or R-U106 haplogroups. Nearly unique, therefore we specify that if you carry this pattern, there is a specific chance, specified per cluster, that you will test positive for Z18. But in the much smaller R-Z18 haplogroup, it's safe to assume that these patterns uniquely define a group of people. As such, these pattern function as "virtual SNP"s. In general, the age of the Z18 clusters is 1 - 2,000 years. There are a few as yet ungrouped individuals (presumably member of a very small cluster that we've not been able to find yet), but all other candidate Z18's are member of a cluster. This implies that if you are know to be Z18+, you'll only have to look at the list of candidate members of your cluster to get a good idea of the profiles that match yours. This reduces the number of potential matches to 50 - 500. The size of a reasonable spreadsheet.
In those cluster where a reasonable number of people have tested at least 67 markers or other features are present (e.g. Nul425), we've divided the cluster in a number of Groups. Some of these groups are indicated below. Given the similarity of the profiles in these groups, one can assume such a group to be 300 - 500 years old and to consist of about ten, or a few tens of, people. This small group has been defined as a direct result of Z18 and some clustering. So the conclusion is, if you're serious about finding provable matches within a 300 - 500 year time frame, using a SNP like Z18 is absolutely vital. Of course, you are absolutely free to say that this is all nonsense and that you're much better at finding matches in public databases than the advanced profile acquisition, database and matching software we are using. No SNPs needed. Sure !! We wish you lots of success. But keep in mind, ignoring SNPs is the main reason why lots of surname projects are making no progress whatsoever in sorting out their various family branches. There's only one way to do that and that's using SNPs. And using Z18 would be a giant first step for the people named below.

Project Objectives

Aim of the R-Z18 and Subgroups project is to research the Z18 SNP and all SNPs and clusters downstream of it. Z18 is directly downstream of U106 and parallel to Z381, the diagram on the right gives a summary of the relevant portion of the Y-Family Tree of mankind. We expect to identify a number of subgroups in R-Z18 and hope to be able to give the historical background of each of the groups found and at the very least specify a likely geographic origin and, where applicable, a migrational path for each group.

We intend to do this by inviting all people who appear to be member of one of the Z18 groups to join the project and to give us the background (e.g. geographic origin) of their family. By combining all the information we get in geographic maps, family trees, time lines and all sorts of other diagrams will will try to give you as much information on your background as we can. A second objective is to group all members in groups or clusters of up to ten or a few tens of people. For each project member, the other members of his group will be his closest matches in the DNA testing world. If you are Z18+, then this project will be the easiest way of finding your closest matches. Unless, of course, you belong to a close family group with a tight genetic distance and all carrying the same surname, but in reality, only a few people tend to be that lucky, and lots are only in a surname project to find themselves in a single-member family branch or in the "ungrouped" or "other" category. A clear sign, that you have little to expect from the surname project.

The activities of the project will be supported by a discussion forum fully dedicated to Z18 (and all sub-clades like L257). This discussion forum is on the web site DNA-Forums.org and is free to join with no other obligation then to behave in a socially accepted manner. For the reporting of the results, the project will use a dedicated web site in order to be able to use all state-of-the-art presentation techniques (we have serious limitations in this FT-DNA managed environment). This web site can be found at: www.L257.org.

We guess you will appreciate, that we will shortly start restricting access to the advanced results presentation (e.g. the maps) on this site to those who have joined this project (click on "Join Request" in the top menu of this page). Access will then only be given by password and IP# to members personally (account/password sharing will be impossible). Every member of the project will then automatically receive a password to enter the site. In addition to the web site, we intend to distribute a periodic newsletter about new discoveries in R-Z18 by email to all members of the project.

If you need any help with your own genetic genealogy research, as a member of this project, you are of course free to ask us any questions about tests and the interpretation of the results. We might in some cases even be able to supply some classical genealogical assistance for questions pertaining to the Netherlands and England. There is one limitation, though. We will NOT investigate your case or look up matches in our database in other words spend any significant time or effort on your personal case BEFORE you have joined this project AND ordered a Z18 test. Before ordering the test, you are of course free to ask advice on your chances of testing positively and we will assist you.

BTW, please don't take the "celtic" and "germanic" designators in the diagram too seriously; both tribes were a mixture of a lot of haplogroups: both P312 and U106 are estimated to be at least 4,000 years old and the name Germanics was invented by Julius Ceasar around 50BC. But there appears to be some truth in the statement that the Celts, as the more Southern and Western European group, had more P312 and the Germanics, the more Northern and Eastern group, counted more U106+.

Project Membership

Membership of this project is absolutely free and there are no further obligations. The project is open to join for everybody who has been tested or assumes to be positive for Z18 or is otherwise interested in the investigation of Z18. In this sense, the SNPs "downstream" of Z18 (L147, L257, L653 and Z15) are considered equivalent to Z18. Those who assume to be Z18+ but are not tested as such, e.g. by belonging to one of the "clusters" within the group, are allowed to join and to see what happens within the project.

People only assuming to be Z18+ are expected to order a Z18 SNP test (costing $29) as their contribution to our investigation within a grace period of two months after joining the project. If you think the cost of a Z18 test would be relatively high, taking into account that close match of yours that already tested Z18+, we would ask you to consider that the total cost of the discovery, investigation and publication (web site) of Z18 and L257 combined have been well over $2,000 in the mean time (including e.g. 2 WTY tests). A $29 test would be about 1% of that amount and we think that to be a very reasonable contribution for an individual, considering the amount of information about your background you are going to receive as a member. People belonging to a close family group are allowed to join and stay after the grace period without further testing, if at least three other members of that family group have already tested Z18+. In all other cases the project administrators will decide.

Clade Structure

We currently think that a only minority of U106+ will turn out to be Z18+. Current guestimates as to the division of R-U106 are: U198+:12%, L1+:10%, L48+:50%, Z18+:10% and U106* (asterisk; unknown):18%. Of these subgroups Z18 appears to be the oldest and as such appears to have been the first group to split off from the U106 mainstream. It could therefore well be, that the majority of Z18+ will eventually be found on the European Continent (possibly even in Eastern Europe). As the level of DNA testing is low in those areas, the percentages found are very likely highly impacted by the DNA sampling bias that tends to oversample North-Western Europe and more specifically the British Isles.

It has been discovered, that members of R-U106 who have DYS463=25 have a very good chance of testing Z18+. All known Z18+ (including all L257+ who have tested this marker) have this allele and the majority of people having it, turned out to be Z18+. So currently this is the primary way for us to find prospective members. Up to now, each new Z18+ has lead us to a cluster of closely matching profiles that we believe will all test Z18+ and whom we are currently approaching to interest them in our project.

Currently, we know six groups of people within the Z18 clade (we call the clade R-Z18 and the SNP Z18). These groups can be distinguished on the basis of the DNA testing results. The testing results are presented on the results sheet on this site in this structure.
1. Z18+ Z14- Cluster (Z18+ Z14-)
2. Scot Cluster (Z18+ Z14-)
3. Continental Cluster
3. East Anglia Cluster (10-11-12)
4. Swede Cluster (L147.x)
5. Scandinavia Cluster
6. Cumberland Cluster (25-11-22-11)
7. Norway Cluster (15-9-30-11) (not yet in the diagram)
8. L257 Haplogroup
We expect to be finding new subgroups in R-Z18 in the near future. Finding new subgroups mainly depends on finding new Z18+ wo do not have the key DYS463=25 allele. Those findings would open up new groups of Z18 candidates.

DYS463=25 or the "Root of all Evil"

When Z18 became available for general testing it turned out that the first positive, a participant in the FT-DNA's WTY Project and all L257+ (who naturally are Z18+) who ordered a 111 marker upgrade, all had DYS463=25. No exception. The DYS463 marker is one of the new 68-111 range and also in the set of markers tested by SMGF; most people don't have it. Especially older tests of the marker by SMGF require care, as lab standards have changed over the years. As a first step in the investigation of Z18, we've asked a number of people with DYS463=25 to consider testing Z18. Most were enthusiastic about the idea of finding their haplogroup and ordered the test. The vast majority of these people turned out to be Z18+ and so did all other people who tested Z18+ and L257+. Some people, MT5Q3-Norton and 6HRPR-Rutledge, tested negative for Z18 as a result of our activities and a few turned out to be in R-Z381 and R-L48, i.e. in other subgroups of R-U106, and thus necessarily negative for Z18.

In october 2012 we carried out a structured analysis of DYS463 in R-U106 in order to give better guidelines for Z18 testing. For this analysis we only used FT-DNA 111 marker testing results and no results of SMGF tests; this implies we didn't find a few profiles that were identified in earlier investigations when we did use SMGF results. We started off by selecting a reasonable set of about 20,000 profiles in the R-U106 and British Isles environment. Of those, about 10% had tested 111 markers and using the highly reliable (>95%) DYS492=13 indicator, we selected 433 profiles that were tested, or could reasonably be assumed to be, U106+. Of these 433 profiles 79 or about 18% had DYS463=25. None of these profiles were either L1+ or U198+, the results of SNP testing were:

Haplogroup	Number	Notes
R-Z18+	56
R-Z18-	1
R-Z381+	1
R-L48+	13
Untested	8
Total	79

These results could be considered to imply that if one who knows or assumes (DYS492=13) to be U106+, tests 111 markers and finds to be carrying DYS463=25, then his or her chances of testing Z18+ are 56 / (56+13+1+1) = 78.9%, let's say better than 75%. If the profile is known from a previous test to be L48- as well, then the chances of testing Z18+ are 56 / (56+1+1) = 96.5%, let's say better than 95%. A second conclusion might be that, assuming that a random subset of U106+ has tested 111 markers and given that about 18% of U106 profiles had DYS463=25 and that 78% of those profiles tends to be Z18+, it's not unreasonable to assume that about 10% - 14% of U106+ is likely to be Z18+ (78% * 18%).

The following list identifies the people we are aware of who are (assumed) U106+ and having DYS463=25. Please note that the list contains people who were identified in previous investigations, e.g. using SMGF-data, and four (Nr. 1 - 4) are therefore are NOT included in the statistics above. We don't think this has much of an impact on the figures given.

Nr

Kit#

Y-Search ID

Name

Origin

Haplogroup

DYS463

L1

L48

U198

L257

Z18

Cluster

Notes

1.

49542

VGMTB

Kendall

UK

R-M269**

25

Z18+

Not in R-Z18 Project

2.

20935

TRMJY

Patterson

--

R-M269**

25

patterson/maclaren

3.

85144

3VWTP

Thompson

England

R-U106

25

–

Presumably L257+; u106

4.

34625

--

Layman ??

Switzerland

R-M269**

25

Anabaptist

5.

98049

YRFGN

Leman

Switzerland

R-U106

25

–

Anabaptist/u106

6.

34867

PAHAN

Leman

Switzerland

R-U106

25

–

–

–

Alpine_DNA_Project_AlpGen_Genealogy

7.

127701

--

Jones

--

R-U106

25

–

–

–

u106

8.

224064

--

Shepherd

England

R-U106

25

–

–

–

–

Z381-; u106

9.

226057

--

?

--

R-U106

25

–

–

–

–

u106

10.

222204

N379J

Tye

England

R-M269**

25

DYS492 ??; cumberlandgap-ydna

11.

85134

EEC3Z

Murray

Scotland

R-M269**

25

scottishdna

12.

185262

--

Balfour

Scotland

R-M269**

25

scottishdna

The Haplogroups designated with "**" are FT-DNA estimates. R-M269** in general means "member of a haplogroup downstream of R-M269, but unknown which one". By looking at the testing result, in a lot of cases we can make a reasonable guess as to the unknown haplogroup. The ones in the list are near-certain R-U106.

An overview of these profiles with all current test results can be found here (section U106+ Z18 Candidates).

The people in the list are invited to join the FT-DNA R-Z18 and Subgroups Project (remember we are >75% sure you're going to be positive) and advised to order a Z18 test. For those people who join, order and are found positive, we'll do a cluster analysis to find all people in the database who are closely related genetically, if there are any of course, and we'll approach those people to test Z18 as well, so as to prove the relationship. This is the way all current Z18 clusters emerged and carriers of DYS463=25 may well turn out to be founders of a new Z18 cluster. The process guarantees you'll get the maximum from your investments in DNA testing to date.

Z18+ Z14- Cluster

The Z18+ Z14- Cluster is a group of profiles that can currently only be described as Z18+ and Z14-. The members of this group are not member of any known cluster, although each most likely has a group of small matches that share the position in this goup. The patterns binding these groups are currently being investigated, but first results seem to indicate these groups are relatively small. Therefore at the moment there is no list of candidates or phylogentic tree for this group.

Scot Cluster Cluster

The Scot Cluster (Z18+ Z14-) is a group of profiles that are Z18+ (positive) and Z14- (negative) and share at least five of the six DYS390=23, DYS389-2=30, DYS458=18, DYS607=13, DYS413a=22 and DYS557=15. The group is called Scot Cluster because the first member of the group has a background in Scotland. A number of the members of this group appear to have a deletion in the Y-Chromosome. More investigation of the group will give more information on this. There appears to be a group with the same six marker motif in R-U198. It is not yet clear how these two groups (in R-Z18 and in R-U198) can be distinguished, but it looks like DYS458 and YCAIIb correlate with the carriers of the motif with DYS458=18 and YCAIIb=23 pointing to Z18 and DYS458=17 and YCAIIb=22 pointing to U198. Therefore, testing Z18 is vital for these people, but keep in mind: this cluster is still experimental and too little testing has been done to date. Current prospects for this cluster are:

Nr	Kit#	Y-Search ID	Name	Origin	Haplogroup	Markers	Member	Z18	Group	Notes
1	68399	46MQQ	Young	Scotland	R-Z18	67	Yes	Z18+
2	111611	--	Moore		R-M269**	67	No
3	125681	--	Gunn	Scotland	R-M269**	67	No
4	100416	8ZZUZ	Jackson	Scotland	R-M269**	37	No
5	32380	--	Nathan		R-M269**	37	No

The people in the list above are invited to join the project and order a Z18 test. As soon as a few more people have joined the project and tested Z18, we will enlarge the circle and start looking for new cluster candidates, so that the people here will find new related profiles.

Continental Cluster

The Continental Cluster is a group of profiles that all are Z18+ (positive) and Z14- (negative) and share DYS385b=15, DYS449=30-32 (high) and DYS557=17. The group is called Continental Cluster, as the first members discovered (and as a matter of fact as of today ALL members) had their background on the European Continent. This cluster is a result of the lessons learnt during our last rounding of testing using the old L257 motif (DYS385b=15-16 and DYS449=30-32). Currently, this cluster is still experimental and requires a little care. It is therefore important when considering a profile for this cluster to be sure it (or a close profile with the same surname) is U106+, otherwise the chances of success might be somewhat lower than normal (though still significant of course).

Nr	Kit#	Y-Search ID	Name	Origin	Haplogroup	Markers	Member	Z18	Group	Notes
1	N69282	--	Dekeyser	Belgium	R-Z18	67	Yes	Z18+
2	124858	--	Koontz	--	R-M269**	67	No
3	132725	NXUBB	Bush	--	R-M269**	67	No
4	94743	9A685	Koontz	--	R-Z18	111	Yes	Z18+
5	94515	--	Koontz	--	R-M269**	67	No
6	50574	B5WJC	Kuhns	Germany	R-U106	67	No
7	193777	--	Kuntz	--	R-Z18	67	Yes	Z18+
8	65835	--	Stone ?	--	R-M269**	67	No
9	121718	--	Dickson	--	R-M269**	67	No
10	N55760	48JRE	Nicholls	UK	R-M269**	67	No
11	111756	--	Barker	--	R-M269**	67	No
12	115518	--	Grigsby ?	England	R-M269**	67	No
13	63701	--	Bennett	--	R-M269**	67	No
14	117964	TXASK	Briggs	--	R-U106	67	No
15	126072	MD9R4	Layne	--	R-U106	67	No
16	59975	EG3DT	Henderson	Scotland	R-M269**	67	No
17	152518	--	Ballentine	--	R-M269**	67	No
18	156847	PPVCR	Bailey	--	R-M269**	67	No
19	N3031	WD7DN	Van Meteren	Netherlands	R-U106	67	Yes

The people in the list above are invited to join the project and order a Z18 test (three close Z18+ tests with the same surname will convince us all related profiles are Z18+; see introduction section). As soon as a few more people have joined the project and tested Z18, we will enlarge the circle and start looking for new cluster candidates, so that the people here will find new related profiles.

East Anglia Cluster

The East Anglia Cluster (10-11-12) is a group of profiles that all have three of the four DYS391=10, DYS511=11, DYS487=12 and DYS534=14; it's short name is 10-11-12 after this pattern. The group is called East Anglia Cluster because most of the surnames in the group appear to originate in this area of England.

Nr	Kit#	Y-Search ID	Name	Origin	Haplogroup	Markers	Member	Z18	Group	Notes
1	75748	MJP2F	Stagles	England	R-M269**	67	No
2	108904	H83C2	Stegall	England	R-M269**	37	No
3	1758	NGW7E	Gubbins	England	R-M269**	67	No
4	94026	UE82Y	Savage	--	R-M269**	67	No
5	105446	S9SZV	Laird	--	R-M269**	67	No
6	118722	X3ME2	Denkler	Germany	R-M269**	67	No
7	N58747	--	Leard	Ireland	R-U106	67	No
8	144666	--	Leard	Ireland	R-U106	67	No
9	35406	JBJQC	Laird	Scotland	R-M269**	67	No
10	72342	D7QVY	Laird	N-Ireland	R-M269**	67	No
11	80849	AUTKZ	Laird	--	R-M269**	67	No
12	137964	--	Shaw	--	R-M269**	67	No
13	116296	4BACN	Shaw	--	R-M269**	67	No
14	N73243	--	Coats	Scotland	R-M269**	67	No
15	93030	99PKV	Steggle	England	R-M269**	67	No
16	90062	DBP7Z	Steggall	England	R-U106	67	Yes	Z18+
17	174651	--	Laird	N-Ireland	R-M269**	67	No
18	108369	--	Laird	Scotland	R-M269**	67	No
19	158970	9FG24	Hunt	UK	R-M269**	67	No
20	13878	--	Stapleton	England	R-M269**	67	No
21	88973	--	Tyson	--	R-M269**	67	No
22	111810	--	Tyson	France	R-M269**	67	No
23	189122	WA9S9	Bond	England	R-M269**	67	Yes	pending
24	51687	--	James	--	R-U106	67	No
25	N32998	ASA9E	Bryant	Ireland	R-U106	67	No
26	77746	--	Stapleton	England	R-M269**	37	No
27	131880	YN225	Martin	England	R-M269**	67	No
28	124604	--	Shaw	--	R-M269**	67	No
29	41567	X6W2N	Shaw	--	R-M269**	67	No
30	97445	--	Livingstone	--	R-M269**	67	No
31	18133	8ZJPT	Long	Germany	R-M269**	67	No
32	N11619	Q67G3	Schilling	Germany	R-M269**	67	No
33	N25462	--	Fegan	Ireland	R-M269**	67	No
34	108702	MCQJ5	Sweet	England	R-U106	67	No
35	N30463	--	Fegan	Ireland	R-M269**	67	No
36	104841	--		--	R-M269**	37	No
37	61715	84WJ6	Coats	--	R-M269**	67	No
38	97354	8246Z	Coop	--	R-M269**	67	No
39	174633	6A27E	Mercer	--	R-M269**	67	No
40	30262	--	blanchard	--	R-M269**	67	No
41	50141	3CKR3	Jacobs	England	R-M269**	67	No
42	92677	FKQ9U	Steggle	England	R-M269**	67	No
43	129444	FZE2Z	Tyson	England	R-U106	67	No
44	N44777	--	Sweet	England	R-U106	111	No
45	94698	HHG79	Bailey	Scotland	R-U106	67	No
46	N6769	RDKYM	Bailey	England	R-U106	67	No
47	143376	ZVWQT	Bryant	England	R-Z18	67	Yes	Z18+
48	N85247	6TTY7	Hockley	UK	R-Z18	67	Yes	Z18+
49	13875	WRV6Y	Cain	Ireland	R-Z18	67	Yes	Z18+
50	69650	VQDB8	Raleigh	--	R-Z18	67	No	Z18+
51	152474	--			R-M269**	67	No
52	126224	443JR	Shelton	England	R-M269**	67	Yes	pending
53	17530	--	Stapleton	England	R-M269**	25	No
54	27146	--	Stapleton	England	R-M269**	25	No
55	30041	--	Sweet	--	R-M269**	25	No
56	30073	--	Sweet	England	R-M269**	25	No
57	30252	--	Sweet	--	R-M269**	25	No
58	64064	--	Sweet	England	R-M269**	25	No
59	75876	HBUP9	Sweet	UK	R-M269**	25	No
60	18826	--	Sweet	--	R-M269**	25	No
61	16425	6N9MR	Sweet	Wales	R-M269**	25	No
62	22010	--	Sweet	--	R-M269**	25	No
63	20471	KSMC4	Sweet	--	R-M269**	25	No
64	12967	--	Sweet	--	R-M269**	25	No
65	12091	PV8R8	Sweet	England	R-M269**	25	No
66	156094	--	Figenschou	Norway	R-M269**	67	No
67	N92716	MM56T	Bryant	England	R-M269**	67	No
68	170298	--	Stedman	England	R-U106	67	No
69	18235	Z5PNU	Parker	England	R-Z18	111	Yes	Z18+
70	17432	DPY4G	Jordan	--	R-Z18	111	Yes	Z18+
71	26885	YY5J3	Garrison	--	R-M269**	67	No
72	159215	RMV9T	McLard	--	R-M269**	37	No
73	13407	HSXD3	Sweet	--	R-M269**	37	No
74	131837	--	Sweet	--	R-M269**	37	No
75	37522	--	Sweet	England	R-M269**	37	No
76	9866	--	Sweet	--	R-M269**	37	No
77	158506	--	Webb	--	R-M269**	37	No
78	111209	--	Stegall	England	R-M269**	37	No
79	17307	--	Crow	Scotland	R-M269**	67	No
80	182374	--	Green	--	R-M269**	67	No
81	150006	--	Stedman	England	R-M269**	67	No
82	157861	YYNJA	Stedman	--	R-M269**	67	No
83	148826	ABTK6	Stedman	England	R-M269**	67	No
84	102458	2JN3J	Cave	UK	R-U106	67	Yes	pending
85	86697	--	Webb	UK	R-U106	67	No
86	18644	3CSXX	Stedman	England	R-Z18	67	Yes	Z18+
87		AGHJC	Raleigh			67	No
88	59440	--	Burgess	--	R-M269**	67	No
89	8289	XKMVS	Childress	UK	R-M269**	67	No
90	171123	--	Gurd	Ireland	R-U106	67	No
91	60265	--	Sweet	--	R-M269**	37	No
92	11087	BGQGC	Sweet	UK	R-M269**	37	No
93	182125	--	Sweet	UK	R-M269**	37	No
94	194073	--	Sweet	--	R-M269**	37	No
95	197117	--	Sweet	England	R-M269**	37	No
96	176041	W4GB5	Sweet	England	R-M269**	37	No
97	148196	--	Sweet	--	R-M269**	37	No
98	163425	--	Webb	--	R-M269**	37	No
99	A1639	--	Montgomery	--	R-M269**	67	No
100	161018	--	Stedman	England	R-M269**	111	No
101	156070	--	Stedman	England	R-M269**	111	No
102	160078	--	Lock	--	R-U106	37	No
103	47939	7GXT8	Sweet	Ireland	R-U106	37	No
104	8288	--	Childress	Scotland	R-M269**	67	No
105	122492	HS2PE	Childress	Scotland	R-U106	67	No
106	86828	--	-	Scotland	R-M269**	25	No
107	16907	--	Stapleton	England	R-M269**	25	No
108	105772	SGQFP	Coats	--	R-M269**	25	No
109	33402	--	Sweet	--	R-M269**	25	No
110	12256	H6EXM	Sweet	England	R-M269**	25	No
111	105761	XTWBT	Sweet	--	R-M269**	25	No
112	161760	J9R56	Miller	--	R-M269**	67	No
113	26718	E92AE	Starnes	--	R-M269**	67	No
114	144721	--	Stedman	England	R-Z18	67	Yes	Z18+
115	114959	--	Shaw	N-Ireland	R-M269**	12	No
116	102809	6EDRJ	Tyson	England	R-M269**	12	No
117	23714	--	Sweet	England	R-M269**	37	No
118	N29526	--	Sweet	--	R-M269**	12	No
119	N73556	--	Sweet	Wales	R-M269**	12	No
120	18443	75ZPF	Sweet	England	R-M269**	37	No
121		3U2AP	Beck			67	No
122	69803	QPVNZ	Trent	England	R-M269**	67	No
123	159543	64H3R	Davidson	Scotland	R-M269**	67	No
124	E12355	--	Sauerwald	Germany	R-M269**	67	No
125	30688	--	Sweet	England	R-M269**	25	No
126	28741	GYZCR	Sweet	England	R-M269**	25	No
127	28939	--	Sweet	England	R-M269**	25	No
128	37161	DSKNG	Sweet	England	R-M269**	25	No
129	17276	--	Webb	--	R-M269**	25	No
130	160338	HAQ2C	Davidson	Scotland	R-Z18	67	No	Z18+
131	80961	AX87K	Keddie	Scotland	R-U106	67	No	Z18-
132	118157	--	Moore	--	R-M269**	67	No
133	56051	--	Via	France	R-M269**	67	No
134	36354	BU8XC	Laird	Ireland	R-M269**	37	No
135	9579	--	Sweet	--	R-M269**	25	No
136	174362	H8BVP	Ashley	England	R-M269**	67	Yes	pending
137	131933	--	Alley	--	R-M269**	67	No

It currently appears, the East Anglia Cluster falls apart in at least three subgroups that can be distinguished on the basis of their marker results. These groups are tentatively called (1) Red Group, (2) Green Group and (3) Blue group. See diagram below. We are currently studying the members of these three groups and their most likely origin to come up with a better name for each group.

The diagram gives the three subgroups of the East Anglia Cluster using their colours. The diagram predicts the subgroups reasonably well: the Red Group and the Green Group are clearly separated. The Blue Group is split in two and one part is given within the Green Group and the other within the Red Group. Please keep in mind, that the clustering software is not aware of the grouping. We FIRST made the diagram, discovered the separated groups and THEN coloured the lines. We expect this to be a reasonable first draft of the internal structure of the East Anglia Cluster. In the lower center of the diagram there's a single conflict, presumably caused by a back mutation in one of the samples. The number near the lines in the diagram are an indication of the number of years since the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) along that line calculated by the same algorithm as used by the de-facto standard McGee DNA Toolkit. All samples in the list above are in the diagram; the IDs and names are given for project members only, so if you want your name to be added, join the R-Z18 and Subgroups Project, it's a completely free FT-DNA project, and allow a few days for regenerating the diagram.

Swede Cluster (L147.x)

The Swede Cluster (L147.x) is a group of profiles that all have DYS391=10, DYS5458a=8, DYS447=24, DYS464b=14, DYS607=14, DYS436=13 and DYS444=13-14; in general we allow 6/7 matches as member of the candidate list. The group is called Swede Cluster because the first members of the group appeared to have a "Swede-ish" background. Please, don't draw too many conclusion from the name. Most people will like the name better than 10-8-24-14-14-13-13-14 even if it is, or might turn out to be, not 100% appropriate.

The Swede Cluster appears to consist of a number of groups that can be distinguished on the basis of test results of (combinations of) markers. In some cases, the definition of these groups is solid, as the first group appears to be defined by a SNP. Some group definitions reflect the "state of the art" and might change in future as more test results and members are acquired. At this moment we have no real good idea how large the group in reality is. Therefore, new group might be defined in future. The currently known/supposed groups are:

1. Swett Group - all members are suspected to be L147.x+ and have DYS390=23 (this group is Pattern-2 in the FT-DNA Sweet Surname Project);
2. Patterson/Reed Group - a group around the Patterson and Reed families;
3. Sandifer/Brooks Group - a group around the Sandifer and Brooks families with DYS385b=15 and DYS481=23/24 (high);

In the Swett Group, there's a person who tested L147.x+. We expect all members of the group to be L147.x thus proving the line, although it could be that more people are L147.x+ and that the SNP therefore is older than we currently think. As usual, testing will tell.

In the Swede Cluster to date about 50 candidate members have been identified. All known candidates for membership of the cluster are summarised in the following list.

Nr	Kit#	Y-Search ID	Name	Origin	Haplogroup	Markers	Member	Z18	Group	Notes
1.	N85364	UHRXQ	Swett	England	R-Z18	111	Yes	Z18+	Swett Group	DYS463=25; Z18+; L147.x+
2.	N15262	V2FX2	Sweet	UK	R-M269**	67	No		Swett Group	gd=1/67 match
3.	154750	--	Sweet		R-M269**	67	No		Swett Group	gd=2/67 match
4.	73554	--	Sweet	England	R-M269**	37	No		Swett Group
5.	77015	5JUVY	Sweet	England	R-M269**	37	No		Swett Group
6.	61736	--	Sweet		R-M269**	37	No		Swett Group
7.	20321	--	Sweet	England	R-M269**	37	No		Swett Group
8.	17174	--	Sweet	England		37	No		Swett Group
9.	81177	--	Sweet	England	R-M269**	37	No		Swett Group
10.	14648	8EYBY	Sweet	England	R-M269**	37	No		Swett Group
11.	21194	PXW92	Sweet	England	R-M269**	37	No		Swett Group
12.	26162	--	Sweet	England	R-M269**	37	No		Swett Group
13.	103430	EFY3H	x1		R-M269	67	No		Swett Group
14.	73731	FJ54Q	Cofer		R-U106	67	Yes		Swett Group
15.	N17206	--	Kern ?		R-M269**	67	No		Swett Group
16.	56109	5EVY4	Allison	England	R-M269**	67	No		Swett Group
17.	145856	CJUSV	Geddes		R-M269**	67	Yes	pending	Swett Group
18.	N68706	Z689K	Lewis		R-U106	67	No
19.	118685	--	Livingston	Scotland	R-M269**	67	No
20.	20935	TRMJY	Patterson		R-M269**	111	No			DYS463=25
21.	62153	--	Patteson	England	R-M269**	67	No
22.	54409	--	Patterson		R-M269**	67	No
23.	37012	7TUMA	Patterson		R-M269**	67	No
24.	124420	9YYRA	Reed		R-M269**	67	No
25.	166977	GKEGQ	Reed		R-M269**	67	No
26.	27765	9YYRA	Reed		R-M269**	67	No
27.	125919	--	Howell		R-U106	67	No
28.	72386	--	Howell	Wales	R-M269**	67	No
29.	127701	--	Jones		R-U106	67	No
30.	64197	XJGDN	Howell	Wales	R-U106	67	No
31.	?	JFSCM	Anderson	Scotland		37	No
32.	161560	QAAAP	Sandford	England	R-M269**	67	No
33.	78927	3VJXE	Stevenson	England	R-M269**	67	No
34.	128536	FZZS6	Sandifer	England	R-M269**	67	No
35.	149943	4S4HR	Sandifer	England	R-M269**	67	No
36.	194489	T66KX	Sandifer	England	R-M269**	67	No
37.	196557	W58MG	Brooks	England	R-U106	67	No
38.	196525	--	Brooks	England	R-M269**	67	No
39.	100686	W76B7	Wash		R-M269**	67	No
40.	188414	--	Mandley		R-M269**	67	No
41.	122641	MJS93	x2		R-M269**	67	No
42.	54044	--	Wash		R-M269**	67	No
43.	N88182	2C4ZQ	Pedersen	Denmark	R-Z18	67	No	Z18+
44.	130189	--	Sandifer		R-M269**	67	No
45.	195866	G4AHN	Sandifer		R-M269**	67	No
46.	130720	VTM4U	Sandifer		R-U106	67	Yes	Z18+
47.	106475	--	Brooks		R-M269**	67	No
48.	72551	RTVHY	Burke	Ireland	R-M269	67	No
49.	169238	H2BN5	Howell	Ireland	R-M269**	67	No
50.	162286	67DVJ	Landers		R-M269**	67	No
51.	170384	--	Davis		R-M269**	67	No
52.	152424	--	Sandifer		R-M269**	67	No
53.	180621	--	Sandifer		R-M269**	67	No
54.	?	ZVUU2	Gaddas	England		37	No

For this group, we currently have no phylogenetic tree yet.

Cumberland Cluster

The Cumberland Cluster (25-22-11) is a group of profiles that all have DYS390=25, DYS5385=11-11, YCAII=19-22 and DYS565=11; it's short name is 25-11-22-11 after this pattern. The group is called Cumberland Cluster because the first members of the group discovered had their origin there. In the mean time, a few continental members have been discovered as well, but, as usual, the vast majority of members originates from the British Isles.

The Cumberland Cluster appears to consist of a number of groups that can be distinguished on the basis of test results of (combinations of) markers. In some cases, the definition of these groups is solid, e.g. the discriminating power of DYS391=0 is relatively high, as this configuration is considered stable. Some group definitions reflect the "state of the art" and might change in future as more test results and members are acquired. The currently known/supposed groups are:

1. Nul391 (orange) - all members have DYS391=0
2. Nul425 (purple) - all members have DYS425=0
3. Chandler/Snead Group (red) - a very close group with >10 members all carrying DYS389-1=12; DYS458=15, GATA-H4=10 and possibly a few others in the 38-67 range.
4. Olds Group (violet) - a group around the Olds family with DYS394=15; DYS447=25 and again possibly a few others in the 38-67 range.
5. Dam(e)ron Group (white) - the Dameron family with DYS389-2=30; DYS458=16 and DYS442=13 and again possibly a few others in the 38-67 range.
6. Pipkin Group (green) - a group around the small Pipkin family
7. Cum-7 Group (blue)

The latter two groups can only roughly be distinguished on marker basis. Both groups have members both on the British Isles and on the Continent. The biggest problem with these two groups is, that more than half the members have only tested 37 markers and on the basis of these results, currently no better information can be obtained.

In the Cumberland Cluster to date about 100 candidate members have been identified. When selecting candidates we allow one deviation from the 25-11-22-11 pattern to allow for (back-) mutations. As there are lots of <67 marker profiles in this cluster, we had to use a bit of common sense in selecting profiles. All known candidates for membership of the cluster are summarised in the following list. Please keep in mind, that because of all the <67 marker profiles in this cluster, it's not always easy to determine who's a member and who's not. Testing Z18 is an absolute necessity for ALL people on this list. The other side is, that there might be a significant number of people who are NOT on the list below, who DO belong to the Cumberland Cluster.

Nr	Kit#	Y-Search ID	Name	Origin	Haplogroup	Markers	Member	Z18	Group	Notes
1.	N78258	9PPS9	Grundy	England	R-Z18	67	Yes	Z18+	Nul391
2.	147174	--	Edwards		R-Z18	67	Yes	Z18+	Nul391
3.	151693	--	Hobbs		R-M269**	37	No		Nul391
4.	7792	9PPS9	Chamberlain	UK	R-Z18	67	Yes	Z18+	Nul425
5.	84791	AEC2E	Chamberlain	England	R-M269**	67	No		Nul425
6.	200147	NS3P4	Chamberlain	UK	R-M269**	37	No		Nul425	Nul425 assumed
7.	?	KURU9	Chamberlain	England		37	No		Nul425	Nul425 assumed
8.	?	T2PJC	Chamberlain	England		37	No		Nul425	Nul425 assumed
9.	90390	XZMAV	Coen	Ireland	R-U106	67	No		Nul425
10.	78550	YPM66	Coen		R-M269	67	Yes	pending	Nul425
11.	18600	U2YZY	Baker		R-U106	67	No		Nul425
12.	16211	--	Cottrell ?	Ireland	R-M269**	67	No		Nul425
13.	8398	D723W	Bingham		R-M269**	67	No		Chandler/Snead
14.	20690	YTZJC	Bingham		R-M269**	37	No		Chandler/Snead
15.	107780	U3D7B	Chandler		R-Z18	111	Yes	Z18+	Chandler/Snead
16.	56417	RA4PJ	Gardner		R-U106	67	No		Chandler/Snead
17.	?	8U4KD	Guard			37	No		Chandler/Snead
18.	?	GT9BK	Kennedy			37	No		Chandler/Snead
19.	74618	U3JW6	Kennedy		R-M269**	37	No		Chandler/Snead
20.	90491	--	MacDonald	Scotland	R-M269**	67	No		Chandler/Snead
21.	?	3NRTF	Snead			37	No		Chandler/Snead
22.	118376	9ECYN	Snead		R-M269**	37	No		Chandler/Snead
23.	?	GEBBC	Snead			37	No		Chandler/Snead
24.	?	N93V9	Snead			37	No		Chandler/Snead
25.	?	3S4CN	Snead			37	No		Chandler/Snead
26.	202170	--	Sneed		R-M269**	37	No		Chandler/Snead
27.	68450	5RWYT	Payne	UK	R-M269**	37	No		Chandler/Snead
28.	109582	SDANZ	Damron	England	R-U106	67	No		Dam(e)ron
29.	133140	--	Damron		R-M269**	37	No		Dam(e)ron
30.	130426	PP8FZ	Damron	England	R-M269**	67	No		Dam(e)ron
31.	104220	CAK2A	Dameron	England	R-M269**	37	No		Dam(e)ron
32.	117948	MJRNZ	Dameron		R-M269**	37	No		Dam(e)ron
33.	130314	8ZZZ7	Dameron	England	R-M269**	37	No		Dam(e)ron
34.	194825	--	Dameron		R-M269**	37	No		Dam(e)ron
35.	200104	--	Dameron		R-M269**	37	No		Dam(e)ron
36.	E2578	--	Dameron	Germany	R-M269**	37	No		Dam(e)ron
37.	104194	Q5WKU	Dameron	England	R-M269**	67	No		Dam(e)ron
38.	118628	VRWXE	Dameron	England	R-M269**	67	No		Dam(e)ron
39.	196800	--	Damron		R-M269**	67	No		Dam(e)ron
40.	135031	--	Dameron		R-M269**	67	No		Dam(e)ron
41.	195505	--	Damron	England	R-M269**	67	No		Dam(e)ron
42.	106644	X52GP	Dameron	England	R-M269**	37	Yes	pending	Dam(e)ron
43.	107004	2DM8V	Dameron	England	R-M269**	37	No		Dam(e)ron
44.	129955	MV9RQ	Damron	England	R-M269**	37	No		Dam(e)ron
45.	130291	MKPS5	Damron	England	R-M269**	37	No		Dam(e)ron
46.	156036	--	Dameron	France	R-M269**	37	No		Dam(e)ron
47.	131587	65S6D	Dameron	England	R-M269**	37	No		Dam(e)ron
48.	135233	--	Dameron	England	R-M269**	37	No		Dam(e)ron
49.	142167	UZJQR	Damron		R-M269**	37	No		Dam(e)ron
50.	143013	--	Damron		R-M269**	37	No		Dam(e)ron
51.	143180	--	Dameron	England	R-M269**	37	No		Dam(e)ron
52.	157055	--	Dameron	England	R-M269**	37	No		Dam(e)ron
53.	159641	CJQMT	Dameron	England	R-M269**	37	No		Dam(e)ron
54.	163022	--	Dameron	England	R-M269**	37	No		Dam(e)ron
55.	135059	NXSYG	Damron		R-M269**	37	No		Dam(e)ron
56.	150894	A5THQ	Damron	England	R-M269**	37	No		Dam(e)ron
57.	65231	JUEWF	Dameron	England	R-M269**	37	No		Dam(e)ron
58.	87936	4GGQ9	Campbell	Scotland	R-M269**	37	No		Dam(e)ron
59.	?	BH6EV	Campbell			37	No		Dam(e)ron
60.	72877	WG6GJ	Wood ?	England	R-M269**	67	No
61.	119933	--	Olds	England	R-M269**	37	No
62.	124426	--	Olds	UK	R-M269**	67	No
63.	124427	--	Olds	UK	R-M269**	67	No
64.	6925	TKPMT	Olds	England	R-M269**	37	No
65.	115510	NESG3	Rowe		R-M269**	37	No
66.	?	54MBA	Pike			37	No
67.	84481	WAB9B	Jennings		R-M269**	67	No
68.	192951	--	Wright ?		R-M269**	37	No
69.	78896	--	Hudnall ?	England	R-M269**	37	No
70.	45367	KKYZW	Elmes	England	R-U106	67	No
71.	?	6BU46	Heemsoth	Germany		67	No
72.	13322	YBVUP	Oliver	UK	R-M269	67	No
73.	?	YSVQR	Knowlton	England		67	No
74.	?	F6ZBY	Knowlton			67	No
75.	149726	--	Denyse		R-M269**	67	No
76.	?	BXTPF	Knowlton			67	No
77.	180921	--	Alt	Germany	R-M269	67	No
78.	96037	QAXHA	Knowlton	England	R-U106	67	No
79.	124936	--	Markham	England	R-U106	67	No
80.	15346	Q3THC	Price	Wales	R-M269**	67	No
81.	?	53QH9	Rose			67	No
82.	109065	--	Pipkin	England	R-M269**	37	No
83.	N2081	--	Christiansen	Denmark	R-M269**	67	No
84.	?	JTDBF	Edwards			67	No
85.	102069	99K34	Szczublewski	Poland	R-U106	67	No
86.	?	FSA4R	Szczublewski			67	No
87.	?	KABA7	Szczublewski	Poland		67	No
88.	N61912	--	Hjerpe	Finland	R-M269**	67	No
89.	82286	RAU8X	Pipkin	England	R-U106	37	No
90.	?	GZ6TB	Risher			67	No
91.	93139	--	Rose	Scotland	R-M269**	67	No
92.	58626	ENUP9	Dryer	Germany	R-M269**	67	No
93.	108758	KCUQB	Emery	England	R-Z18	67	No	Z18+
94.	46452	HDQAM	Flowers	England	R-U106	67	Yes	Z18–
95.	114879	--	Luttrell	England	R-M269**	67	No
96.	208433	9REUJ	Pipkin	England		67	No
97.	141120	--	Tobiasen	Norway	R-M269**	67	No
98.	126210	AF4UY	Kleinhans	Germany	R-U106	37	No
99.	185333	--	Pipkin	England	R-M269**	37	No
100.	174273	NANMG	Penland	Scotland	R-M269**	67	No
101.	143022	TWYZX	Stahly	Scotland	R-U106	67	No
102.	81484	--	Pipkin		R-M269	37	No
103.	?	6CUSP	Lydecker	Netherlands		67	No
104.	197974	MUG8X	Slaghekke	Netherlands	R-Z18	111	Yes	Z18+
105.	146785	--	Pipkin	England	R-M269**	37	No

The list of candidates for the Cumberland Cluster has a second part, which contains a number of 37-marker profiles that match the pattern as well. For most of these profiles, missing the important DYS492 marker, we do not even know if they are U106+. But in general, given the stability of the cluster pattern, we are convinced the people in this second list have a very good chance of testing Z18+.

Nr	Kit#	Y-Search ID	Name	Origin	Haplogroup	Markers	Member	Z18	Group	Notes
106.	?	9XJ8F	Helm	England		37	No
107.	N89712	--	x1	Germany	R-M269**	37	No
108.	161546	--	Chester		R-M269**	37	No
109.	?	NF3DP	Franklin			37	No
110.	?	2YYHG	Knowlton	England		37	No
111.	?	8ATDZ	Thompson			37	No
112.	85765	UXASK	Jensen	Denmark	R-M269**	37	No
113.	163625	9KCQP	Norton		R-M269**	37	No
114.	21445	W2WZQ	Brown			37	Yes	pending
115.	?	Z2HWS	Lunsford	Scotland		37	No
116.	52108	--	Cheek	England	R-M269**	37	No
117.	152789	7PADD	Atkinson			37	Yes	pending
118.	?	F9VKH	Cheek	England		37	No
119.	?	38QSP	Knowlton			37	No
120.	?	GJHYN	Knowlton			37	No
121.	?	HHBET	Knowlton			37	No
122.	154007	--	x2	France	R-M269**	37	No
123.	177742	--	Maughen	Ireland	R-M269**	37	No
124.	?	5Y733	Kuhne			37	No
125.	195877	9GS2Z	Rose		R-M269**	37	No
126.	?	A7HAV	Price	England		37	No
127.	?	HTZS2	Fitzhugh			37	No
128.	?	BDFVF	Cheak	England		37	No
129.	N60941	U8979	Kuhlman	Germany	R-M269**	37	No
130.	N19391	XAFK4	Schumacher	Germany		37	Yes	pending
131.	?	ETTYP	Gillon-Fergusson			37	No
132.	?	DR4HT	Bouchard			37	No
133.	122893	XT5F4	Chandler	England	R-M269**	37	No
134.	?	U2YZY	Baker			37	No
135.	N88045	--	Stanuszek	Poland	R-M269**	37	No
136.	117994	--	Chisholm		R-M269**	37	No
137.	149476	--	Stewart ?	Scotland	R-M269**	37	No
138.	?	JP63H	Forrest			37	No
139.	?	SR4PU	Pace	England		37	No
140.	62524	FCA4F	Burgess			37	No
141.	?	2T2EX	Johnson			37	No
142.	?	H3FPK	Cordes	Germany		37	No
143.	180821	--	King	England	R-M269**	37	No
144.	N2247	RAZAU	Phillips	Wales	R-M269**	37	No
145.	?	R53KQ	Pace			37	No
146.	?	35WDH	Brannon	Ireland		37	No
147.	?	T8TZC	Ryan	Ireland		37	No
148.	?	SWRMX	Ward			37	No
149.	?	J6JCN	Furzland			37	No
150.	37792	PQR3T	Mahnke	Germany	R-M269**	37	No
151.	E2778	--	x3	Switzerland	R-M269	37	No
152.	?	GEAAK	Garcia Cagiao	Spain		37	No

The following diagram gives the phylogentic tree for the Cumberland Cluster. In this diagram the various subgroups of the cluster have been marked using the per-group colours defined in the afore given list of groups. As you can see, the distinction between Cum-6 (green) and Cum-7 (blue) is incomplete (due to a lack of test results).

the diagram is currently being finalised.

Please keep in mind, that the clustering software is not aware of the grouping. We FIRST made the diagram, discovered the separated groups and THEN coloured the lines. We expect this to be a reasonable first draft of the internal structure of the Cumberland Cluster. The number near the lines in the diagram are an indication of the number of years since the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) along that line calculated by the same algorithm as used by the de-facto standard McGee DNA Toolkit. All samples in the list above are in the diagram; the IDs and names are given for project members only, so if you want your name to be added, join the R-Z18 and Subgroups Project, it's a completely free FT-DNA project, and allow a few days for regenerating the diagram.

Scandinavia Cluster

The Scandinavia Cluster is a group of profiles that all have DYS439=11, DYS460=10, DYS576=19-21, DYS442=13, DYS534=16, DYS444=11 and DYS568=12. Of these markers, the first four are in the 37 marker series, thus allowing to recognise 37 marker haplotypes as belonging to the cluster (one reason for keeping DYS439 and DYS576 in the set). In general, we've required a 4/4 (for 37 marker types) and 5/7 (for 67 marker types) match for inclusion in the list below (giving a little room for back mutations in the 67 marker types). And then there might be DYS494=8 and DYS452=28, but these are in the 68-111 range and few people have yet tested them. For this group, there is a modal available in Y-Search under ID = JZ59P.

The group is called Scandinavia Cluster because most of the members report an origin there. This might tempt people with a known origin on the British Isles to tentatively assume a Viking-ish background. This, of course, requires more information and certainly a more final prove in the form of a Z18-positive test result, that would more firmly place them in this group. So if you want to be a little more sure about this Viking-ish background, order a Z18 test; just a position in the list below is not enough to be member of the cluster. The cluster appears to consist of a number of groups that can be distinguished on the basis of test results of (combinations of) markers. In some cases, the definition of these groups is relatively solid. Some other group definitions reflect the "state of the art" and might change in future as more test results and members are acquired.

Nr	Kit#	Y-Search ID	Name	Origin	Haplogroup	Markers	Member	Z18	Group	Notes
1	148290	--	Bankston	Sweden	R-M269**	111	No
2	167804	--	Bankston		R-M269**	111	No
3	185089	--	Bengsson	Sweden	R-M269**	111	No
4	148153	PN8S7	Bankston	Sweden	R-M269**	67	No
5	148360	JAU58	Bankston	Sweden	R-M269**	67	No
6	150831	--	Bengtsson	Sweden	R-M269**	67	No
7	148812	--	Bengtsson	Sweden	R-M269**	67	No
8	186236	39JF6	Bankston	Sweden	R-M269**	37	No
9	56123	DCMWT	Bengtsson		R-M269**	67	No
10	180798	--	Bankston	Sweden	R-M269**	37	No
11	200956	--	Hixson	England	R-M269**	37	No
12	26326	VVG8Q	Anderson	Sweden	R-M269**	67	Yes	pending
13	N37019	U5ZPG	Frykman	Sweden	R-U106	67	Yes	Z18+
14	194722	--	Ljunge		R-M269**	37	No
15	174347	86429	Johnson	Sweden	R-M269**	67	Yes	Z18+
16	61015	8CDC2	Garrison		R-M269**	37	No
17	131954	QA5PX	Madsen	Norway	R-M269**	67	No
18	184520	C8ME9	Augestad	Norway	R-U106	67	Yes	Z18+
19	N69389	--	Johnson	Sweden	R-M269**	67	No
20	134820	AR43N	Ström	Sweden	R-M269**	111	Yes	Z18+
21	N35424	GP5XS	Ericksson	Sweden	R-U106	67	Yes	Z18+
22	120933	--	Hagstrom	Sweden	R-M269**	67	No
23	47410	R3EXA	Anonymous	Scotland	R-U106	67	No
24	200091	--	Eri	Norway	R-U106	67	No
25	102416	ZXTNF	Gunn	Scotland	R-M269**	67	Yes
26	?	AR8R8	Gunn			67	No
27	71092	--	Bartlett	UK	R-M269**	37	No
28	172351	62SYV	Nichols		R-M269**	67	No
29	174230	AE66E	Sullivan		R-M269**	37	No
30	178992	--	Cray		R-M269**	37	No
31	10666	UFBVM	Hightower	UK	R-U106	67	No
32	17637	--	Turner	England	R-M269**	37	No
33	119408	--	Turner		R-M269**	37	No
34	151332	--	Turner		R-M269**	37	No
35	26997	6U895	Turner		R-M269**	37	No
36	166644	XRCB9	Landgren	Sweden	R-M269**	37	No
37	179471	--	Andrews	England	R-M269**	37	No
38	158888	--	Forbes	Scotland	R-M269**	37	No
39	150987	--	Turner		R-M269**	37	No
40	73245	3STZM	Turner		R-M269**	37	No
41	157955	--	Cline		R-M269**	67	No

The list of candidates for the Scandinavian Cluster has a second part, which contains a number of 37-marker profiles that appear to match the pattern as well, but for which we do not have enough information to give a firm recommendation. For most of these profiles, missing the important DYS492 marker, we do not even know if they are U106+. In general, we think the people in this second list still have a reasonable chance of testing Z18+ and thus belong to the Scandinavian Cluster, and, if tested positively, will have made a significant discovery (presumably Scandinavian descend) with very little investment in DNA testing.

Nr	Kit#	Y-Search ID	Name	Origin	Haplogroup	Markers	Member	Z18	Group	Notes
42	?	8UFTS	Johnson	Sweden	R-M269**	37	Yes
43	27568	XDXZC	Wilson		R-M269**	37	No
44	198662	65G94	Dickinson	England	R-M269**	37	Yes
45	N84541	DK2M6	Dickerson		R-M269**	37	Yes
46	159607	575HH	Vaillancourt		R-M269**	37	No
47	34311	NM5KU	Dickenson	England	R-M269**	37	No
48	129442	UCJF3	Mason	England	R-M269**	37	No
49	123325	4R9RW	Jarrod		R-M269**	37	No
50	159856	CZZTY	Morris		R-M269**	37	No
51	146588	--	Morris		R-M269**	37	No
52	206219	6NDVR	Sears		R-M269**	37	No
53	71407	NDCEY	Sears	England	R-M269**	37	No
54	119986	4YYF9	Carroll	Ireland	R-M269**	37	No
55	26176	HDJ6P	Smiths	Wales	R-M269**	37	No
56	171398	E45D7	Southworth	England	R-M269**	37	No
57	13144	CPAXB	Turner		R-M269**	37	No
58	20764	2YKXT	Webb	N-Ireland	R-M269**	37	No
59	59379	2S7N2	Nelson	Norway	R-M269**	37	No
60	27803	G7Y7M	Anderson		R-M269**	37	No

The following diagram gives the phylogentic tree for the Scandinavia Cluster. In this diagram the various subgroups of the cluster have been marked using the per-group colours defined in the afore given list of groups. As you can see, the distinction between (red) and (green) is incomplete (most of these profiles have tested 37 markers).

Please keep in mind, that the clustering software is not aware of the grouping. We FIRST made the diagram, discovered the separated groups and THEN coloured the lines. We expect this to be a reasonable first draft of the internal structure of the Scandinavia Cluster. The number near the lines in the diagram are an indication of the number of years since the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) along that line calculated by the same algorithm as used by the de-facto standard McGee DNA Toolkit. All samples in the list above are in the diagram; the IDs and names are given for project members only, so if you want your name to be added, join the R-Z18 and Subgroups Project, it's a completely free FT-DNA project, and allow a few days for regenerating the diagram.

Norway Cluster

The Norway Cluster is a group of profiles that all are Z18+ (positive), Z14+ (positive) and L257- (negative) and share DYS385b=15, DYS459b=9, DYS449=30 and DYS537=11 plus presumably GATA-A10=13 (this marker is not in the basic 67 marker set). The profiles in this cluster are Z14+ (positive) and L257- (negative). According to the possible GATA-A10=13 modal, this cluster is considered "close" to L257 (all L257+ have 13 as all L257- have 12 for this marker), although this feature is currently undertested. There are people in the cluster who report an origin in Denmark or Norway (hence the name), but being in this cluster does at this moment not necessarily imply a Viking origin. This cluster is a result of the lessons learnt during our last rounding of testing using the old L257 motif (DYS385b=15-16 and DYS449=30-32). Currently, this cluster is still experimental and requires a little care, as it appears (!!) to have a parallel cousin somewhere in R-P312. It is therefore important when considering a profile for this cluster to be sure it (or a close profile with the same surname) is U106+, otherwise the chances of success might be somewhat lower than normal (though still significant of course).

Nr	Kit#	Y-Search ID	Name	Origin	Haplogroup	Markers	Member	Z18	Group	Notes
1	N14340	U7U7Z	Collins	England	R-Z18	111	Yes	Z18+
2	210561	--	Collins	--	R-M269**	37	No
3	163511	D7XDC	Collins	--	R-M269**	37	No
4	101644	--	Nielsen	Norway	R-Z18	67	Yes	Z18+
5	203216	--	Buvarp	--	R-Z18	37	Yes	Z18+
6	221955	--			R-M269**		No
7	105396	PD7A4	Hollinrake	--	R-M269	67	No
8	141048	--	Johnson	Denmark	R-M269**	37	No
9	24176	HF3A8	Dixon	--	R-M269**	25	No
10	6421	U6UA8	Dickason	--	R-M269**	37	No
11	6449	ADHBW	Dickason	--	R-M269**	37	No
12	6450	SPBUR	Dickason	England	R-M269	67	No
13	153605	QEQXU	Dickinson	England	R-Z18	67	Yes	Z18+
14	175263	DPSWM	Dickinson	--	R-M269**	37	No
15	183810	--	Dickinson	England	R-M269**	37	No
16	193275	QJFQM	Dickinson	England	R-M269**	37	No
17	205828	--	Dickinson	England	R-M269**	37	No
18	62960	PGDAG	Smith	--	R-M269**	67	No
19	70498	VKX4Q	Smith	Ireland	R-M269**	67	No

Surnames in this cluster are Dickason/Dickinson, Dixon, Collins, Smith, Nielsen, Johnson and Hollinrake. The people in the list above are invited to join the project and order a Z18 test (three close Z18+ tests with the same surname will convince us all related profiles are Z18+; see introduction section). As soon as a few more people have joined the project and tested Z18, we will enlarge the circle and start looking for new cluster candidates, so that the people here will find new related profiles.

L257 Haplogroup

This haplogroup is by far the largest subgroup of Z18. It is defined by the L257 SNP. This SNP was discovered early 2010 in a WTY test. There currently are some 35 tested L257+, but a lot more are known (same family as tested L257+) and there are well over five hundred candidates, two thirds of whom are expected to test positively. This is the most interesting subgroup both in DNA terms (e.g. nearly all variants of DYS464x occur in it) as in historic terms (the geographic spread of L257 over mainly the Continent is expected to yield a good idea of the migration of some Germanic tribes through Europe). L257 is currently expected to be about 2,000 years old.

The characteristic pattern of L257 is DYS385b=15-16 and DYS449=30-32. It is unfortunate, that this is exactly the same pattern as for the Continental Cluster, although the two groups are unrelated (the Continental Cluster is Z14- (minus) and L257 is L14+). It is currently unknown how to make a distinction between these two groups on the basis of 67 marker profiles. The difference is only visible for 111 marker profiles: members of the Continental Cluster tend to have GATA-A10=12, members of the L257 haplogroup tend to have GATA-A10=13 (but there are a few exceptions to this rule, presumably due to back mutations). For his reason, the list of candidates of the Continental Cluster and for the L257 haplogroup are combined in a single list. This list can be found on the www.L257.org web site (select Prospect List Z18 / L257 from the menu on the left or click here).

Joining the Z18 and Subgroups FT-DNA Project

If you have tested positively for Z18 or L257 or if we have sent you a message asking you to considering testing for one of them, we invite you to join our project. In case you receive such a message, it is not necessary to already have tested Z18+ or L257+ to join. This is because we are very serious about these messages and if you receive one, your are very likely to test positively. Futhermore, it's much easier for us to keep track of all the Z18/L257 tests that are currently pending, if all testers are member of our project. Fortunately, joining the project is easy and it's free. And you can join as many FT-DNA projects as you like. If you want to join (steps 1-3 only apply if you are not already logged in):

1.	Go to the FT-DNA site www.ftdna.com	you see the text "Welcome to Family Tree DNA"
2.	Press the orange "Login" button at the top right corner of the page	you get a login screen
3.	Login using your kit# and password	you see your FT-DNA home page with a horizontal menu at the top of the page
4.	Click "Join Projects" under "My Projects" on the left	you see a page with 7 groups of projects; the letters are the first of the project names
5.	Click "Rxx" under "Y Haplogroup Projects" near the bottom (xx is a number)	you see a list of projects with a name starting with "R"
6.	Select the project called "R-Z18_Subgroups" near the end of the list	you see a page called "Join A Group" and subtitle "Join the R-Z18_Subgroups Project"
7.	Click the yellow "JOIN" button on the lower right of the page	you will arrive at a mysterious page, you can ignore that; you'll have joined

The procedure ends in a peculiar way. You won't get a confirmation but arrive at a strange page with remarks about join requests. You can completely ignore that and trust that after pressing "JOIN" and not getting any very clear error messages, you will have joined our project. Welcome to our Z18 and Subgroups Project.

Ordering a Z18 (or Z19, Z16, Z14, L147.X, Z372, L257, Z15, L325, L653) SNP test

If one doesn't work with the FT-DNA ordering system regularly, it might appear a bit complex at first sight, but in reality it's very simple to order a SNP. This section applies equally well to Z18 or each of the other SNPs downstream; just substitute Z18 in the procedure below with the name of the SNP you want to test (in case of L147, you must use L147.2). A single SNP test you order will cost $29; FT-DNA might charge you an extra $9.50 Transfer Fee to take your sample to the Housten lab if this is your first "advanced order" (this doesn't apply if you've ordered a SNP test or done a Deep Clade test in the past, in other words, you only have to pay the Transfer Fee once per kit):

1.	Go to the FT-DNA site www.ftdna.com	you see the text "Welcome to Family Tree DNA"
2.	Press the orange "Login" button at the top right corner of the page	you get a login screen
3.	Login using your kit# and password	you see your FT-DNA home page with a horizontal menu at the top of the page
4.	Press the orange "Order An Upgrade" button at the top right corner of the page	you see a page with the title "Order Additional DNA Tests
5.	Press the orange "Order an Advanced Test" button in the center of the page	you see your name + "You are Purchasing An Upgrade For Kit X"; X is your Kit-Number
6.	At "Test Type:" select "SNP" at "Marker:" type "Z18" and press "Find".	you see the text "SNP Z18 $29" add
7.	Click "add"	nothing much will happen but Z18 will have been added to your order
8.	Click Next (orange button on the bottom right of your screen)	you get a screen where you can enter your payment info
9.	Enter payment info and complete order

Officially, a SNP order will take about six weeks with FT-DNA, but in some cases of simple SNP tests like these, you can expect a result after a week or two. Then you'll know if you are officially Z18+ and as such member of a unique group in R-U106.

Ordering a test for an Extra Marker

In general, people order a 37, 67 or 111 marker test with FT-DNA and use the results they get. In some cases, e.g. when others have tested more markers than you have, you may want to compare results for markers you haven't tested. One solution is to upgrade to the number of markers the other person has tested, but sometimes it is far more cost-effective to order just the markers that are needed for the comparison. With FT-DNA it is possible to order any marker in the standard 111 marker set individually. The procedure belong describes how to order a test for the marker DYS463 individually.

1.	Go to the FT-DNA site www.ftdna.com	you see the text "Welcome to Family Tree DNA"
2.	Press the orange "Login" button at the top right corner of the page	you get a login screen
3.	Login using your kit# and password	you see your FT-DNA home page with a horizontal menu at the top of the page
4.	Press the orange "Order An Upgrade" button at the top right corner of the page	you see a page with the title "Order Additional DNA Tests
5.	Press the orange "Order an Advanced Test" button in the center of the page	you see your name + "You are Purchasing An Upgrade For Kit X"; X is your Kit-Number
6.	At "Test Type:" select "Y-STR" at "Marker:" type "DYS463" and press "Find".	you see the text "Y-STR DYS463 $7.20" add
7.	Click "add"	nothing much will happen but the marker will have been added to your order
8.	Click Next (orange button on the bottom right of your screen)	you get a screen where you can enter your payment info
9.	Enter payment info and complete order

Officially, a Y-STR order will take about six weeks with FT-DNA, but in some cases of simple STR tests like these, you can expect a result after a week or two.

Entering Most Distant Known Ancestor (MDKA) information on the FT-DNA web site

The project uses MDKA information to create geographic maps of the origin of all individual members. This is most easily done, if each member enters this information on his/her home page on the FT-DNA site. We will subsequently download this data to the database from which the maps are generated. Entering MDKA information on the FT-DNA home page is very simple, once you know how to do it. We have therefore given the procedure below explicitly. Please keep in mind, we are talking about three pieces of information of the paternal ancestry here: (1) the MDKA himself (name, year of birth); (2) the origin of the MDKA (geographic location) and (3) the country of the MDKA. For historic reasons (let's say), on the FT-DNA site item (1) and (2) are entered in one place and item (3) in another. We will describe how to enter (1) and (2) first, as these as the most important, and then item (3) in a single simple step by step procedure. It's a good idea to first get the information together, then entering it will be done within 5-10 minutes.

1.	Go to the FT-DNA site www.ftdna.com	you see the text "Welcome to Family Tree DNA"
2.	Press the orange "Login" button at the top right corner of the page	you get a login screen
3.	Login using your kit# and password	you see your FT-DNA home page with a menu on the left
4.	Select "Plot Ancestral Locations" in the menu (first item under "My Maps")	you see the text "Displaying Your Most Distant Known Ancestor's Location"
5.	Click "Edit"below the map	you see a small window named "Paternal Location Search - Step 1 of 2"
6.	Enter ancestor (MDKA) information: name and year of birth and click "Next Step"	you see another small window named "Paternal Location Search - Step 2 of 2"
7.	Select the way you want to enter the location (by name or by latitude/longitude)	you see yet another small window named "Paternal Location Search - Step 2 of 2"
8.	Enter the location name or latitude/longitude and click "Next Step"	you see a small window on the map with the information used entered
9.	Check the information and if correct, click "Save" and if incorrect click"Cancel"
10.	Select "Contact Information" in the menu (first item under "My Account")	you see a page called "Update Your Contact Information"
11.	Select the Paternal Country of Origin and click the yellow "UPDATE"

The only steps that might take just a little planning are 7 and 8 (entering origin information). The best way to do this is to enter the city/town name, then a comma and then the country name. If the system understands both, it will lookup the latitude/longitude information, find it and everything will be fine. But it CAN happen, that the system doesn't recognise the name. Common reasons are, that you are entering a historic name that doesn't exist anymore or that the system insists on a certain language be used and you are using another. This may require a little bit of playing to get right (if things get frustrating: entering latitude and longitude always works but is error prone). Just a little tip: west of the city of London the longitude tends to be a NEGATIVE number (or you may find yourself originating from WITHIN the North Sea). We will try to keep the maps in sychronisation with the information that's been entered by the members of our project. Please consider, that we do not get a notification when you enter any new data so this is a best effort endeavour.

Project Budget

The Z18 and Subgroups project maintains a project budget and we invite anybody interested in our investigations to make a contribution to this budget. We intend to use your contribution to do SNP, DYS464x (SNP-like structure in L257) and the odd advanced marker tests (e.g. DYS463) that would otherwise not happen because the owner of the kit:
(1) is not interested in SNP testing (in most cases this means doesn't really understand them);
(2) claims not to be able to pay for his own test;
(3) has already done some testing that consistently turned out negative and we don't want to ask again without offering some help.
(4) or a combination of these factors.
Often, this concerns people who are only moderately interested in genetic genealogy or are maintaining samples of people who have passed away. If there's a general interest in such cases (see the project's objectives), we would like to be able to let the project sponsor them. Another example would be the introduction of new SNPs in the vicinity of Z18; this may require control testing and that's considered to be of general interest as well. And of course, we will honour any purpose that has been defined when a contribution is made (please send an email stating the way you want your money to be spent if you have any special wishes). In general, we will not spend more than a single SNP test's worth ($29/$39) per case/person.

To make a contribution:
- Scroll down to the section "General fund" and click on the yellow "click here";
- On the next page, select "R" on the left and the project name "R-Z18_SUBGROUPS" on the right;
- fill out the other fields as appropriate;
- send us a note by email how you want to funds to be applied.
We intend to report here what contributions we have received and from whom and how the money has been spent. If you make a donation, please specify if you want to make your contribtion anonymously in whole or in part. We prefer to name the contributor, but of course we will honour requests to make an anonymous contribution.

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