FAQ Menu

• FAQ Home
• Advanced Search

Search our FAQ

1. What is a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) test? What will I learn? faq id: 507

   A mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) test looks at your female-inherited mitochondrial DNA. Historic records are often inadequate for women's history. Maternal DNA testing offers you the opportunity to at least partially overcome that barrier, and by testing your mtDNA you will learn about your maternal heritage in both recent and ancient times.

   Mitochondrial DNA Inheritance

   1	2	3
   		Father's Father
   	Father
   		Father's Mother
   You
   		Mother's Father
   	Mother
   		Mother's Mother

   Family Tree DNA offers three levels of mtDNA tests.

   mtDNA (HVR1): The HVR1 test will show you your basic maternal ancestry reaching back hundreds of thousands of years. It includes testing to determine your basic mitochondrial DNA haplogroup placement.

   For genealogy, the basic mtDNA test is best used to rule out a shared maternal ancestor between two people.

   mtDNAPlus (HVR1&2): The HVR1&2 test will show you your basic maternal ancestry reaching back hundreds of thousands of years. By including the second hypervariable region (HVR2) this test is also able to provide more refined geographic origins data for your maternal line in the last 2,000 years.

   Like the basic mtDNA test the mtDNAPlus test is best used to rule out a shared maternal ancestor between two people. The higher resolution offers greater ability to distinguish between lines.

   mtDNA Full Genomic Sequence: The mtDNA Full Sequence test is the preferred test for understanding the genealogy, historic, and ancient ancestry of your direct maternal line. By testing the full mitochondrial genome, you will be placed in one of hundreds of mtDNA haplogroup subclades according to current published peer reviewed literature. Each subclade has a unique migration history that traces from ancient times through more recent historic events.

   For genealogical research, you are assured of ruling out lineage mismatches for paper trail comparisons. You will also achieve the highest level of confidence possible that your mtDNA full sequence matches are related to you within the genealogical time frame.

   Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) Test Options

   	HVR1 (mtDNA)	HVR1&2 (mtDNAPlus)	Mitochondrial DNA Full Genomic Sequence
   Nucleotide 16001 to 16569	X	X	X
   Nucleotide 00001 to 00574		X	X
   Nucleotide 00575 to 16000			X
   Backbone Haplogroup	X	X
   Haplogroup & Subclade			X
   Genetic Genealogy Level	In most cases, rule out (disprove) genealogical connections.	Confidently, rule out possible genealogical connections.	Confidently, rule out possible genealogical connections and confirm relationships.
   Anthrogenealogy Level	Show ancient migration paths.	Show ancient migration paths.	Show both ancient and historic migration paths.

2. Should I upgrade to the mtDNA Refinement test? What more will I learn? faq id: 508

   In almost all cases, if your goal is to improve the resolution of your geographic and deep ancestral origins or to find recent genealogical matches, your needs will be better meet by upgrading directly to the Mitochondrial DNA Full Genomic Sequence test.

   Please contact us if you need help deciding between the mtDNA Refine and the Mitochondrial DNA Full Genomic Sequence tests.

3. Should I upgrade to the Mitochondrial DNA Full Genomic Sequence test? What more will I learn? faq id: 509

   The Mitochondrial DNA Full Genomic Sequence test, sometimes called the Mega test, test will:

   • Return results for all three parts of your mitochondrial DNA.
     • HVR1 - 16001 to 16569
     • HVR2 - 00001 to 00574
     • The Coding Region - 00575 to 16000
   • Improve the quality of your matches for geographic and ethnic origins.
   • Provide the highest level of confidence in a match for genealogical research.
   • Allow your assignment to a subclade within your haplogroup.
4. What is a Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) STR test? What will I learn? faq id: 511

   A Y-DNA test looks at male inherited Y-chromosome DNA. As the Y-chromosome is passed on from a father to his sons, it is only found in males. Y-DNA testing can then be used to trace clearly a direct paternal line.

   Y-chromosome DNA Inheritance

   1	2	3
   		Father's Father
   	Father
   		Father's Mother
   You
   		Mother's Father
   	Mother
   		Mother's Mother

   When testing the Y-chromosome, there are two types of tests, short tandem repeat (STR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). STR tests are best for recent ancestry while SNP tests tell about more ancient ancestry. Our standard Y-DNA panels use STRs and are useful in verifying common ancestry between two males and finding genetic cousins on the paternal line.

   However, each of our Y-DNA STR tests comes with a haplogroup prediction that is backed by our SNP Assurance policy. Our Y-DNA STR tests can also then be used for determining geographic origins of the direct paternal line as well as the deep ancestral origins.

   Family Tree DNA offers five levels of standard Y-DNA STR testing.

   Y-DNA12: (Available Through Projects) The Y-DNA12 test includes a balanced panel of twelve Y-DNA STR markers. It is best used to disprove a suspected genealogical connection on the direct paternal line.

   Y-DNA25: (Available Through Projects) The Y-DNA25 test includes a balanced panel of twenty-five Y-DNA STR markers, those from the Y-DNA12 plus thirteen more. The additional markers refine the predicted time period in which two individuals are related. It is used to affirm or confidently disprove a genealogical connection on the direct paternal line.

   Y-DNA37: The Y-DNA37 test includes a balanced panel of thirty-seven Y-DNA STR markers, those from the Y-DNA25 test and plus twelve more. This is the recommended test to trace the paternal ancestry of males for genealogical purposes. The additional markers refine the predicted time period in which two individuals are related and eliminate unrelated matches. A perfect match at thirty-seven markers indicates the two individuals share common ancestry in recent times.

   Y-DNA67: The Y-DNA67 test includes a balanced panel of sixty-seven Y-DNA STR markers, those from the Y-DNA37 plus thirty more. The additional markers refine the predicted time period in which two individuals are related and eliminate unrelated matches. A perfect match at sixty-seven markers indicates a common ancestor in recent generations. This is the ideal test for matching if a break in the paper trail, such as an adoption, is known or suspected.

   Y-DNA111: The Y-DNA111 test includes a balanced panel of sixty-seven Y-DNA STR markers, those from the Y-DNA67 plus forty-four more. The additional markers refine the predicted time period in which two individuals are related. They completely eliminate unrelated matches. A close match at 111 markers indicates a common ancestor in recent generations, and an exact match indicates a close or immediate relationship.

   Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) Test Options

   	Y-DNA12	Y-DNA25	Y-DNA37	Y-DNA67	Y-DNA111
   In order to provide our customers with the highest level of haplogroup confidence, Family Tree DNA provides (beginning with batch 173) the SNP Assurance program.
   Panel 1-12	X	X	X	X	X
   Panel 13-25		X	X	X	X
   Panel 26-37			X	X	X
   Panel 36-67				X	X
   Panel 68-111					X
   SNP Assurance1	X	X	X	X	X
   Genetic Genealogy Level	In most cases, rule out (disprove) genealogical connections. If the haplotype is rare then it will suggest a family group match between two or more men.	In most cases, rule out (disprove) genealogical connections and suggest a family group between two or more men.	It will affirm a family group match between two or more men. Confidently, rule out (disprove) genealogical connections.	Confidently, affirm a family group match between two or more men, and rule out (disprove) genealogical connections.	Confidently, affirm a family group match between two or more men, and rule out (disprove) genealogical connections. Distinguish with the highest certainty possible the difference between recent and distant genealogical matches.
   Anthrogenealogy Level	Provides basic information on ancient ancestry based on haplogroup determination.	Provides basic information on ancient ancestry based on haplogroup determination.	Provides basic information on ancient ancestry based on haplogroup determination.	Provides basic information on ancient ancestry based on haplogroup determination.	Provides basic information on ancient ancestry based on haplogroup determination.

   See also: The Y-DNA Short Tandem Repeat (STR) FAQ

5. Should I upgrade to additional Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) STR markers? What more will I learn? faq id: 512

   You should test more Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) STR (short tandem repeat) markers when you want to compare additional markers against others with similar results. Our motto could be: Test only what you need, and upgrade only when necessary.

   Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor (MRCA)

   Number of matching markers	Probability that the MRCA was not more than this number of generations ago
   	50%	90%	95%
   10 of 10	16.5	56	72
   11 of 12	17	39	47
   12 of 12	7	23	29
   23 of 25	11	23	27
   24 of 25	7	16	20
   25 of 25	3	10	13
   35 of 37	6	12	14
   36 of 37	4	8	10
   37 of 37	2 to 3	5	7
   65 of 67	6	12	14
   66 of 67	4	8	9
   67 of 67	2	4	6
   107 of 111	7	11	13
   108 of 111	5	10	11
   109 of 111	4	8	9
   110 of 111	2	6	7
   111 of 111	1	3 to 4	5

   Additional STR markers will refine your matches. If you currently have many Y-DNA12, Y-DNA25, Y-DNA37, or Y-DNA67 matches you should certainly consider upgrading your Y-DNA profile to a higher level.

   The level that you choose and the need to upgrade depends on:

   • Your goals
   • The amount of testing already completed by others in a group project that you are joining
   • The degree of certainty for a relationship (match) that you desire.

   For genealogical matching, the most important factor is the degree of certainty that your near or exact matches are indeed related to you in recent generations. Family Tree DNA offers several levels of testing for our Y-DNA tests. The table on the right shows the time to a common ancestor for near and exact matches at different Y-DNA testing levels.

   Generally, testing additional STR markers will:

   • Narrow the expected time to a common ancestor with an exact match
   • Increase the degree of certainty for a near or exact match
   • Reduce the number of irrelevant matches

   You may always upgrade to a higher level of testing as your number of matches and needs change.

    

6. Should I test my Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) haplogroup? faq id: 513

   If your interest is in your ancient ancestry and historic migrations then an extensive Y-DNA SNP test for your haplogroup such as the Geno 2.0 test is appropriate.

   Note that only one person in your family group needs to take one of these tests. All who share a recent paternal lineage (1 to 15 generations) will also share the same Terminal SNP branch.

   See also: What is a Y-DNA Backbone test?

7. What is Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) SNP Testing? What will I learn? faq id: 514

   A Y-DNA test looks at male inherited Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA). The Y-chromosome is passed on from a father to his sons. Thus, it is only found in males. Y-DNA testing can then be used to trace clearly a direct paternal line.

   Y-chromosome DNA Inheritance

   1	2	3
   		Father's Father
   	Father
   		Father's Mother
   You
   		Mother's Father
   	Mother
   		Mother's Mother

   A Y-DNA SNP test is a test for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that determine a male's place (branch) on the ancestral tree for all mankind. Deepclade testing offers in-depth information about the ancient ancestry and historic migrations of your direct paternal line.

   Family Tree DNA offers individual SNP tests to current customers who have taken one of our Y-DNA STR (Y-DNA12, Y-DNA25, Y-DNA37, Y-DNA67, or Y-DNA111) tests. We use the Y-Chromosome Consortium's phylogenetic tree.

   At this time, we feel that most people will find the Geno 2.0 test to be the best value for Y-Chromosome deep ancestry testing. After taking the Geno 2.0 test, you will be able transfer all positive Y-Chromosome SNP results into your Family Tree DNA account. Read more...

   For those who have already taken one of our STR tests or who have transferred results in from the Geno 2.0 test, we offer many individual SNPs including those discovered through our research programs.

8. What is a Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) Backbone SNP test? What is SNP Assurance? faq id: 515

   A Y-DNA test looks at male inherited Y-chromosome DNA. As the Y-chromosome is passed on from a father to his sons, it is only found in males. Y-DNA testing can then be used to trace clearly a direct paternal line.

   Y-chromosome DNA Inheritance

   1	2	3
   		Father's Father
   	Father
   		Father's Mother
   You
   		Mother's Father
   	Mother
   		Mother's Mother

   
   (+) View Large Chart

   While Y-DNA short tandem repeat (STR) testing tells about the most recent generations (1 to 45) of a male's paternal heritage, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) tell of the line's deeper history and trace back to ancient times. A Backbone test determines to which haplogroup, or major branch of the Y-DNA tree, your paternal line belongs. Backbone Y-DNA SNP testing is not a product that we sell but rather part of our Y-DNA SNP Assurance program.

   In order to provide our customers with the highest level of haplogroup confidence, Family Tree DNA provides (beginning with batch 173) the SNP Assurance program. If a person's Y-DNA haplogroup cannot be predicted with 100% confidence, the SNP Assurance Program will test your sample with our Backbone SNP test for FREE. Specifically, if we cannot predict a person's Y-DNA haplogroup with sufficient confidence that they can join the National Geographic's Genographic Project, we will automatically perform a Backbone SNP test in order to identify the haplogroup assignment.

   How Our Backbone SNP Test Works

   We test a panel of SNPs in order to determine your placement on the haplogroup tree. The positive value for the SNP that determines your haplogroup assignment is reported on the Y-DNA - Haplotree & SNPs page of your myFTDNA account.

   The following depth of haplogroup prediction or confirmation is guaranteed for all Y-DNA tests.

   SNP Name	RS ID	Locus	YCC-Haplogroup
   M91	rs2032651	ChrY:20366926	A-M91
   M181	rs2032599	ChrY:13360948	B-M181
   RPS4Y-711 AKA M130	rs35284970	ChrY:2794854	C-RPS4Y711
   M174	rs2032602	ChrY:13463674	D-M174
   M96	rs9306841	ChrY:20238386	E-M96
   M2	rs3893 and rs9785941	ChrY:12606577	E-M2
   M35.1	-	ChrY:20201091	E-M35.1
   M89	rs2032652	ChrY:20376701	F-M89
   M201	rs2032636	ChrY:13536923	G-M201
   M69	rs2032673	ChrY:20353446	H-M69
   M170	rs2032597	ChrY:13357186	I-M170
   M253	rs9341296	ChrY:13532101	I-M253
   P37.2	-	ChrY:13001692	I-P37.2
   M223	-	ChrY:20176695	I-M223
   M304	rs13447352	ChrY:21159241	J-M304
   M267	rs9341313	ChrY:21151206	J-M267
   M172	rs2032604	ChrY:13479028	J-M172
   M9	rs3900	ChrY:20189645	K-M9
   M20	rs3911	ChrY:20192842	L-M20
   M106	rs2032611	ChrY:20325812	M-M106
   M231	rs9341278	ChrY:13979118	N-M231
   M175	rs2032678	ChrY:14018100	O-M175
   M45	rs2032631	ChrY:20327175	P-M45
   M242	rs8179021	ChrY:13527976	Q-M242
   M3	rs3894	ChrY:17605757	Q-M3
   M207	rs2032658	ChrY:14091377	R-M207
   M173	rs2032624	ChrY:13535818	R-M173
   M198	rs2020857	ChrY:13540146	R-M198
   M269	rs9786153	ChrY:21148755	R-M269
   M124	-	ChrY:20223889	R-M124
   M320	rs13447374	ChrY:13540161	S-M320
   M70	rs2032672	ChrY:20353269	T-M70

   The level of guarantee will be reviewed annually, updated on this page, and provided to subsequent new Y-DNA test orders.

9. What is X-chromosome (X-DNA) STR testing? What will I learn? faq id: 516

   An X-chromosome DNA test looks at markers on your X-chromosome(s). Males have one X-chromosome that they inherit exclusively from their mother, and females have two X-chromosomes that they inherit from both parents, one from their father and one from their mother. This creates a unique inheritance pattern that while challenging to follow may provide many insights into one's maternal heritage.

   X-chromosome DNA Inheritance

   1	2	3
   		Father's Father
   	Father
   		Father's Mother
   You (Female)
   		Mother's Father
   	Mother
   		Mother's Mother

   X-chromosome DNA Inheritance

   1	2	3
   		Father's Father
   	Father
   		Father's Mother
   You (Male)
   		Mother's Father
   	Mother
   		Mother's Mother

   Short tandem repeat (STR) markers on the X-chromosome have been used in academic population genetics studies and for extended forensic and siblingship studies. The current number of STR markers offered is not intended for genealogical studies but may be interesting to those who enjoy following the scientific literature with their own results.

   Family Tree DNA currently offers two panels of X-chromosome DNA STR (X-STR) markers.

   X-STR Panel 1: This is a set of six X-chromosome STR markers: DXS10011, DXS10066, DXS10067, DXS10068, DXS10069, and DXS10131.

   X-STR Panel 2: This is a set of eleven X-chromosome STR markers: DXS10074, DXS10075, DXS10077, DXS10079, DXS10132, DXS6807, DXS7132, DXS7423, DXS8377, DXS981, and HPRTB.

    

   

   For AABB accredited testing such as legal, paternity, and immigration visit our sister site DNAFindings.com.

10. What is the CCR5 test? Is it a genealogical test? faq id: 518

    Among the many advances and discoveries of modern DNA and genetics are 'scientific' oddities. These genetic wonders make it into popular culture and develop a life there that far outpaces their academic worth. These factoids are best used as 'cocktail conversation' starters. We present them to our current customers (those who have already ordered a standard test) as just that.

    Autosomal DNA Inheritance

    1	2	3
    		Father's Father
    	Father
    		Father's Mother
    You
    		Mother's Father
    	Mother
    		Mother's Mother

    The Black Death Plague Mutation

    CCR5 is a gene on chromosome 3. Our CCR5 test is for a 32 base deletion (delta 32) that has been speculatively linked to survival during the Black Death and the Small Pox Plagues (Galvani 2003) that decimated the population of Europe during the Middle Ages.

    The delta 32 mutation is found in between 5% and 14% of Europeans, and is rare in Asians and Africans (Sabeti 2005). Plague theories are belied by its discovery in a Bronze Age gravesite (Hummel 2005).

     

    Remember: Results are not intended to diagnose disease or medical conditions, and they do not serve the purpose of medical advice. They are offered exclusively for curiosity purposes, i.e., to see how your results compare with what the scientific papers say. Other genetic and environmental variables may also impact these same physiological characteristics. They are merely a conversational piece, or a "cocktail party" test, as we like to call it.

11. What is an autosomal DNA STR test? What will I learn? faq id: 519

    Autosomal DNA tests utilize DNA from the 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes. Autosomal DNA is inherited from both of our parents. Therefore, an autosomal DNA test may be taken by either a male or a female.

    Autosomal DNA Inheritance

    1	2	3
    		Father's Father
    	Father
    		Father's Mother
    You
    		Mother's Father
    	Mother
    		Mother's Mother

    Short tandem repeat (STR) markers on the autosomal chromosomes have been used in academic population genetics studies and for extended forensic and siblingship studies. The current number of STR markers offered is not intended for genealogical studies but may be interesting to those who enjoy following the scientific literature with their own results.

    Family Tree DNA currently offers three panels of autosomal DNA STR (auSTR) markers.

    Autosomal Panel 1: Autosomal Panel 1 is a panel of fifteen autosomal STR markers: CSF1PO, D13S317, D16S539, D18S51, D21S11, D3S1358, D5S818, D7S820, D8S1179, FGA, Penta D, Penta E, TH01, TPOX, and vWA. It contains the CODIS markers.

    Autosomal Panel 2: Autosomal Panel 2 is a panel of nine autosomal STR markers: D19S433, D2S1338, F13A01, F13B, FESFPS, LPL, Penta B, Penta C, and SE33. It includes markers needed for comparisons to European databases like ENFSI and to other cofiler and identifiler-based databases.

    Autosomal Panel 3: Autosomal Panel 3 is a panel of six autosomal STR markers: CD4, D10S1248, D12S391, D14S1434, D22S1045, and D9S919.

     

    

    For AABB accredited testing such as legal, paternity, and immigration visit our sister site DNAFindings.com.

12. What is an autosomal DNA SNP test? What is the Family Finder test? What will I learn? faq id: 879

    Autosomal DNA tests utilize DNA from the 22 pairs of autosomal chromosomes. Autosomal DNA is inherited from both parents. Therefore, an autosomal DNA test may be taken by either a male or a female.

    Autosomal DNA Inheritance

    1	2	3
    		Father's Father
    	Father
    		Father's Mother
    You
    		Mother's Father
    	Mother
    		Mother's Mother

    The Family Finder test is designed to trace all of your ancestral lines (5 generations and beyond) using your autosomal DNA. It will confidently identify relationships for five generations. Family Finder tests thousands of data points on your 22 autosomal chromosomes. Your results are then compared to others in the Family Finder database. The Family Finder software detects linked blocks (segments) of DNA that indicate a common ancestor. The number and size of these segments is used to determine how recently any two people are related.

    The strengths of the Family Finder test are that it may be used with equal success by both men and women and its ability to find connections on any of your family lines. The challenge is determining which branch of your family tree you share with your cousin. This can be accomplished with traditional genealogical records and by utilizing other types of DNA tests.

    The Family Finder test also includes the FREE Population Finder BGA (Biogeographical Analysis) tool. The Population Finder test provides informative analysis matching to world population groups.

    See also: The Family Finder FAQ and The Population Finder FAQ

13. What is an advanced Y-chromosome DNA (Y-DNA) STR test? What will I learn? faq id: 880

    A Y-DNA test looks at male inherited Y-chromosome DNA. As the Y-chromosome is passed on from a father to his sons, it is only found in males. Y-DNA testing can then be used to trace clearly a direct paternal line.

    Y-chromosome DNA Inheritance

    1	2	3
    		Father's Father
    	Father
    		Father's Mother
    You
    		Mother's Father
    	Mother
    		Mother's Mother

    When testing the Y-chromosome, there are two types of tests, short tandem repeat (STR) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). STR tests are best for recent ancestry while SNP tests tell about more ancient ancestry. Our standard Y-DNA panels use STRs and are useful in verifying common ancestry between two males and finding genetic cousins on the paternal line.

    When Family Tree DNA opened our Genomics Research Center (GRC) in Houston, Texas we were able to bring additional testing options to our more advance customers. One of these options is the ability to order all Y-DNA STRs offered on our standard panels as well as others, in specialty panels and a la carte. With the exception of the 'Palindromic Pack' panel we only recommend these tests for filling in missing markers or for retesting inconsistent results.

    Y-STR DNA-FP Panel 1: This is a panel of twelve Y-DNA STR markers: DYS19, DYS385a-b, DYS389I, DYS389II, DYS390, DYS391, DYS392, DYS393, DYS437, DYS438, and DYS439. It was designed for compatibility with the YHRD forensic database.

    Y-STR DNA-FP Panel 2: This is a panel of thirteen Y-DNA STR markers: DYS385a-b, DYS388, DYS447, DYS448, DYS449, DYS456, DYS458, DYS463, DYS464, DYS570, DYS643, and Y-GATA-H4.

    Y-STR DNA-FP Panel 3: This is a panel of eleven Y-DNA STR markers: DYS442, DYS459, DYS460, DYS461, DYS462, DYS576, DYS607, DYS635 (aka Y-GATA-C4), DYS726, and YCAIIa-b.

    Y-STR DNA-FP Panel 4: This is a panel of eighteen Y-DNA STR markers: DYS426, DYS434, DYS435, DYS436, DYS441, DYS444, DYS445, DYS446, DYS452, DYS454, DYS455, DYS485, DYS495, DYS714, DYS716, DYS717, Y-GATA-A10, and Y-GGAAT-1B07.

    Y-STR DNA-FP Panel 5: (Palindromic Pack) This is a special panel to get a deeper insight into the structure of the palindromic region. The included STRs from the palindromic sections of the Y-DNA are: DYF371X, DYF385, DYF397, DYF399X, DYF401, DYF408, DYF411, DYS413, DYS464X, and DYS725.

    Y-STR DNA-FP Panel 6: This is a panel of ten Y-DNA STR markers: DYF395a-b, DYF406S1, DYS472, DYS511, DYS531, DYS537, DYS578, DYS590, and DYS641.

    Y-STR DNA-FP Panel 7: This is a panel of eleven Y-DNA STR markers: DYS425, DYS436, DYS444, DYS446, DYS450, DYS481, DYS490, DYS520, DYS534, DYS557, and DYS594.

    Y-STR DNA-FP Panel 8: This is a panel of seven Y-DNA STR markers: DYS487, DYS492, DYS565, DYS568, DYS572, DYS617, and DYS640.

    Y-STR DNA-FP Panel 9: This is a panel of ten Y-DNA STR markers: DYS494, DYS505, DYS522, DYS533, DYS549, DYS556, DYS575, DYS589, DYS636, and DYS638.

    Y-STR DNA Panel Kittler: The Kittler method allows you to see the actual order of DYS385a-b. For example in Haplogroup R-M269 DYS385a/b is usually 14-11 while in Haplogroup R-M17 the actual order is 11-14

    Y-STR Panel 1: This is a test for the complex DYS710 Y-DNA STR marker.

     

14. What is Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) Advanced SNP Testing? What will I learn? faq id: 881

    A Y-DNA test looks at male inherited Y-chromosome DNA. As the Y-chromosome is passed on from a father to his sons, it is only found in males. Y-DNA testing can then be used to trace clearly a direct paternal line.

    Y-chromosome DNA Inheritance

    1	2	3
    		Father's Father
    	Father
    		Father's Mother
    You
    		Mother's Father
    	Mother
    		Mother's Mother

    While Y-DNA short tandem repeat (STR) testing tells about the most recent generations (1 to 45) of a male's paternal heritage, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) tell of the line's deeper history and trace back to ancient times. Like our Y-DNA Deepclade test, the Y-DNA Advanced SNP tests are for single nucleotide polymorphisms on the Y-chromosome. Advanced Y-DNA SNPs have not been placed by the Y-Chromosome Consortium's (YCC) on their peer reviewed tree.

    Although we provide as much information as possible about each SNP, they are from the 'cutting edge' of population genetics. We recommend them only to our advanced users.

    What Advanced Y-DNA SNPs Are Available

    Please see: The Advanced SNPs Index. (http://www.familytreedna.com/advanced-snp-descriptions.aspx)

     

15. What is Y-chromosome (Y-DNA) SNP discovery? What is the Walk Through the Y-chromosome (WTY) Project? What will I learn? faq id: 882

    A Y-DNA test looks at male inherited Y-chromosome DNA. As the Y-chromosome is passed on from a father to his sons, it is only found in males. Y-DNA testing can then be used to trace clearly a direct paternal line.

    Y-chromosome DNA Inheritance

    1	2	3
    		Father's Father
    	Father
    		Father's Mother
    You
    		Mother's Father
    	Mother
    		Mother's Mother

    For all of our tests, Family Tree DNA offers best in class testing options and methodologies. We follow the latest published peer reviewed literature and offer new tests as soon as we validate their utility.

    With this in mind, we are offering the most advanced members of the genetic genealogy community the opportunity to take part in the 'bleeding edge' of Y-chromosome DNA research. The Walk Through The Y Project is a search for new single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the Y-chromosome.

    There is absolutely no guaranty that a new SNP or SNPs will be found in a participant's run. SNPs discovered may not be of use for personal or ancient ancestry. We ask that only those who understand and accept the risk take part.

    How the WTY Test Works

    The test will include sequencing of five plates of ninety-six Y-chromosome PCR segments each. These are for sequencing in both the forward and the reverse directions. Thus, the average number of total unique bases sequenced on the Y-chromosome will exceed 180 kB. The DNA segments chosen can be considered as randomly chosen regions on the Y-chromosome which are unlikely to recombine.

    There will be no reruns (unless the sample failed completely or < 50%).

    All known derived SNPs and all differences from the HUGO reference sequence will be scored. Should new SNPs be found, Family Tree DNA will submit new public SNPs to NCBI (for an RS number). However, we cannot guarantee that they will be accepted.

    If a customer publishes a new marker, all involved laboratory personnel at our Houston, Texas Genomics Research Center (GRC) must be added as co-authors.

    How To Order

    Participation in the WTY Project is by application only. Family Tree DNA reserves the right to limit the number of participants according to our production capacity, applicant qualifications (based on previous Y-DNA testing), the participation of others from the same haplogroup or subclade, the scientific importance, as well as other factors that we consider relevant. This decision cannot be disputed.

    You may apply to take the Walk Through the Y (WTY) test by filling out the application.

16. What are Factoid tests? What will I learn? faq id: 883

    Autosomal DNA Inheritance

    1	2	3
    		Father's Father
    	Father
    		Father's Mother
    You
    		Mother's Father
    	Mother
    		Mother's Mother

    Among the many advances and discoveries of modern DNA and genetics are 'scientific' oddities. These genetic wonders make it into popular culture and develop a life there that far outpaces their academic worth. These factoids are best used as 'cocktail conversation' starters. We present them to our current customers (those who have already ordered a standard test) as just that.

    Alcohol Flush Reaction

    Alcohol flush reaction (colloquially referred to as Asian Flush, Asian Glow, Red Cheeks, Oriental Flush, Big Blush, and Russian Glow) is a condition in which the body cannot break down ingested alcohol completely, due to a missense polymorphism that encodes the enzyme, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2), normally responsible for breaking down acetaldehyde, a product of the metabolism of alcohol. Flushing, or blushing, is associated with the erythema (reddening caused by dilation of capillaries) of the face, neck, shoulder, and in some cases, the entire body after consumption of alcohol. (Xiao 1996)

    What We Test: We test the rs671 SNP.

    Avoidance of Errors

    We are often angry with ourselves because we are unable to learn from certain experiences. Numerous times, we have made the wrong decision and its consequences were unfavorable. However, the cause does not lie only in our thinking. A mutation in a specific gene can also be responsible, because it can cause a smaller number of dopamine receptors. They are responsible for remembering our wrong choices, which in turn enables us to make better decision when we encounter a similar situation.

    What We Test: We test the rs1800497 SNP.

    Back Pain

    Lumbar disc disease is the drying out of the spongy interior matrix of an intervertebral disc in the spine. Many physicians and patients use the term lumbar disc disease to encompass several different causes of back pain or sciatica. A study of Asian patients with lumbar disc disease showed that a mutation in the CILP gene increases the risk of back pain.

    What We Test: We test the rs2073711 SNP.

    Bitter Taste Perception

    There are several gene changes responsible for bitter taste perception. We test 3 of them. Different variations affect ability to detect bitter compounds. About 25% of people lack ability to detect these compounds. Are you like them? Maybe you don't like broccoli, because it tastes too bitter?

    What We Test: We test the rs10246939, rs1726866, and rs713598 SNPs.

    Caffeine Metabolism

    According to the results of a case-control study reported in the March 8, 2006 issue of JAMA, coffee is the most widely consumed stimulant in the world. Caffeine is primarily metabolized by the cytochrome P450 1A2 in the liver, accounting for 95% of metabolism. Carriers of the gene variant *1F allele are slow caffeine metabolizers, whereas individuals homozygous for the *1A/*1A genotype are rapid caffeine metabolizers.

    What We Test: We test the rs762551 SNP.

    Earwax Type

    Whether your earwax is wet or dry is determined by a mutation in a single gene, scientists have discovered. Wet earwax is believed to have uses in insect trapping, self-cleaning, and prevention of dryness in the external auditory canal of the ear. It also produces an odor and causes sweating, which may play a role as a pheromone.

    What We Test: We test the rs17822931 SNP.

    Freckling

    Freckles can be found on anyone no matter the background. However, having freckles is genetic and is related to the presence of the dominant melanocortin-1 receptor MC1R gene variant.

    What We Test: We test the rs1015362 and rs4911414 SNPs.

    Longevity

    Researchers at Harvard Medical School and UC Davis have discovered a few genes that extend lifespan, suggesting that the whole family of SIR2 genes is involved in controlling lifespan. The findings are reported July 28, 2005 in the advance online edition of Science.

    What We Test: We test the rs1042522, rs1800795, rs2802292, rs2811712, rs34516635, rs3758391, and rs5882 SNPs.

    Male Pattern Baldness

    Researchers at McGill University, King's College London and GlaxoSmithKline Inc. have identified two genetic variants in Caucasians that together produce an astounding sevenfold increase the risk of male pattern baldness. Their results were published Oct. 12, 2008 issue of the journal Nature Genetics.

    What We Test: We test the rs1160312 and rs2180439 SNPs.

    Muscle Performance

    A team of researchers, led by scientists at Dartmouth Medical School and Dartmouth College, have identified and tested a gene that dramatically alters both muscle metabolism and performance. The researchers say that this finding could someday lead to treatment for muscle diseases, including helping the elderly who suffer from muscle deterioration and improving muscle performance in endurance athletes.

    What We Test: We test the rs1815739 SNP.

    Nicotine Dependence

    In 2008, University of Virginia Health System researchers have identified a gene associated with nicotine dependence in both Europeans and African Americans. The results of your test will show where you stand in relation to that study.

    What We Test: We test the rs1051730 SNP.

    Warrior Gene

    Sabol 1998 documented the discovery of a multi-copy variant that affects the MAOA gene. The number of repeats changes the function of the MAOA gene. It has been linked to aggressiveness, retaliation, and successful risk taking.

    What We Test: We test the 30-bp STR located 1.2 kb upstream of the MAOA gene.

     

    Remember: Results are not intended to diagnose disease or medical conditions, and they do not serve the purpose of medical advice. They are offered exclusively for curiosity purposes, i.e., to see how your results compare with what the scientific papers say. Other genetic and environmental variables may also impact these same physiological characteristics. They are merely a conversational piece, or a "cocktail party" test, as we like to call it.